Abstract
In this study, with the meso-scale model reliably validated in our previous work (Construction and Building Materials, 2018), the waveform features of plain concrete under various loading conditions and especially with considering stress non-equilibrium are reliably reproduced and predicted. Associating with waveform features, the violation indicator of the specimen stress equilibrium in the split Hopkinson pressure bar test is identified for concrete-like damage softening materials. The concrete material behaviors for stress non-equilibrium are further analyzed, e.g. the dynamic increase factor (DIF) and damage development, etc. The conception of “damage failure volume” is introduced, and a new method of defining the development of concrete dynamic damage is given in the numerical study. What’s more, the “compression wave” and “double peak” phenomena observed in the experiment are further interpreted based on the means of numerical simulation. Waveform features how to reflect the concrete material properties is also concluded. The results show that, the disappearance of the “double peak” phenomenon of reflection curve under high strain rate can be regarded as the indicator of the violation of stress equilibrium. After the violation of the stress equilibrium, the relevant DIFs of the concrete specimen will not change significantly. Especially, the concrete specimen will turn into structural response from material response. The conception of “damage failure volume” can well explain the generation of the “double peak” phenomenon of the reflection curve. The “compression wave” phenomenon of reflection curve under lower strain rates is derived from the unloading expansion recovery of the concrete specimen. Furthermore, under the same loading condition, the amplitude of the first peak of the reflection curve can be used as the evaluation standard of the bonding quality between mortar and aggregates.
Graphic abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Li, Q.M., Chen, X.W.: Dimensionless formulae for penetration depth of concrete target impacted by a non-deformable projectile. Int. J. Impact Eng. 28, 93–116 (2003)
Hentz, S., Donzé, F.V., Daudeville, L.: Discrete element modelling of concrete submitted to dynamic loading at high strain rates. Costruction 82, 2509–2524 (2004)
Zhang, M., Wu, H.J., Li, Q.M., et al.: Further investigation on the dynamic compressive strength enhancement of concrete-like materials based on split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Part I: Experiments. Int. J. Impact Eng. 36, 1327–1334 (2009)
Grote, D.L., Park, S.W., Zhou, M.: Dynamic behavior of concrete at high strain rates and pressures: I experimental characterization. Int. J. Impact Eng. 25, 869–886 (2001)
Harris, D.W., Mohorovic, C.E., Dolen, T.P.: Dynamic properties of mass concrete obtained from dam cores. Mater. J. 97, 290–296 (2000)
Hao, H., Tarasov, B.G.: Experimental study of dynamic material properties of clay brick and mortar at different strain rates. Aust. J. Struct. Eng. 8, 117–132 (2008)
Chen, X., Wu, S., Zhou, J.: Experimental and modeling study of dynamic mechanical properties of cement paste, mortar and concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 47, 419–430 (2013)
Lv, T.H., Chen, X.W., Chen, G.: Analysis on the waveform features of the split Hopkinson pressure bar tests of plain concrete specimen. Int. J. Impact Eng 103, 107–123 (2017)
Hao, Y., Hao, H.: Dynamic compressive behavior of spiral steel fibre reinforced concrete in split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Constr. Build. Mater. 48, 521–532 (2013)
Zhou, X.Q., Hao, H.: Modelling of compressive behavior of concrete-like materials at high strain rate. Int. J. Solids Struct. 45, 4648–4661 (2008)
Hao, Y., Hao, H., Li, Z.X.: Numerical analysis of lateral inertial confinement effects on impact test of concrete compressive material properties. Int. J. Prot. Struct. 1, 145–168 (2010)
Dong, J.K., Sirijaroonchai, K., El-Tawil, S., et al.: Numerical simulation of the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar test technique for concrete under compression. Int. J. Impact Eng 37, 141–149 (2010)
Xu, Z., Hao, H., Li, H.N.: Mesoscale modelling of fibre reinforced concrete material under compressive impact loading. Constr. Build. Mater. 26, 274–288 (2012)
Zhu, J., Hu, S., Wang, L.: An analysis of stress uniformity for concrete-like specimens during SHPB tests. Int. J. Impact Eng. 36, 61–72 (2009)
Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Liang, X., et al.: Experimental and numerical studies on dynamic compressive behavior of reactive powder concrete. Acta Mech. Solid Sin. 27, 4808–5019 (2012)
Naghdabadi, R., Ashrafi, M.J., Arghavani, J.: Experimental and numerical investigation of pulse-shaped split Hopkinson pressure bar test. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 539, 285–293 (2012)
Jiang, T.Z., Xue, P., Butt, H., et al.: Pulse shaper design for dynamic testing of viscoelastic materials using polymeric SHPB. Int. J. Impact Eng. 79, 45–52 (2014)
Ravichandran, G., Subhash, G.: Critical appraisal of limiting strain rates for compression testing of ceramics in a split Hopkinson pressure bar. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77, 263–267 (1994)
Pan, Y., Chen, W., Song, B.: Upper limit of constant strain rates in a split Hopkinson pressure bar experiment with elastic specimens. Exp. Mech. 45, 440–446 (2005)
Chen, W.W., Song, B.: Split Hopkinson (Kolsky) Bar Design Testing and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin (2015)
Hao, Y.F., Zhang, X.H., Hao, H.: Numerical analysis of concrete material properties at high strain rate under direct tension. Procedia Eng. 39, 51–62 (2012)
Ai, S., Tang, L., Mao, Y., et al.: Numerical analysis on failure behaviour of polyurethane polymer concrete at high strain rates in compression. Comput. Mater. Sci. 69, 389–439 (2013)
Chen, X.W., Lv, T.H., Chen, G.: Experimental and numerical studies on the dynamic behaviors of concrete material based on the waveform features in SHPB test. In: EPJ Web of Conferences (2018). Doi: 183.01001.https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301001
Lv, T.H., Chen, X.W., Chen, G.: The 3D Meso-scale model and numerical tests of split Hopkinson pressure bar of concrete specimen. Constr. Build. Mater. 160, 744–764 (2018)
Holmquist, T.J., Johnson, G.R., Cook, W.H.: A computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high pressures. In: the 14th International Symposium on Ballistics, 10, 591-600 (1993)
Hao, Y., Hao, H., Jiang, G.P., et al.: Experimental confirmation of some factors influencing dynamic concrete compressive strengths in high-speed impact tests. Cem. Concr. Res. 52, 63–70 (2013)
Committee CEB. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990. Lausanne, Switzerland: Thomas Telford Ltd.; 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0952-5807(95)90007-1
Hao, Y., Hao, H.: Numerical evaluation of the influence of aggregates on concrete compressive strength at high strain rate. Int. J. Protect. Struct. 2, 177–206 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (Grants 11390361, 11627901, and 11872118).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, T.H., Chen, X.W., Deng, Y.J. et al. Further numerical investigation on concrete dynamic behaviors with considering stress non-equilibrium in SHPB test based on the waveform features. Acta Mech. Sin. 36, 873–886 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-020-00974-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10409-020-00974-z