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Allergenspezifische Immuntherapie bei Asthma bronchiale

Allergen-specific immunotherapy for bronchial asthma

  • Pädiatrische Pneumologie
  • Published:
Der Pneumologe Aims and scope

Zusammenfassung

Asthma bronchiale ist mit über 300 Mio. Betroffenen eine der häufigsten chronisch-entzündlichen Erkrankungen weltweit und führt zu einer erheblichen Einschränkung der Lebensqualität. Allergien als häufiger Auslöser dieser Erkrankung haben im letzten halben Jahrhundert deutlich an Bedeutung zugenommen und betreffen heute bis zu 30 % der Bevölkerung. Während die allergenspezifische Immuntherapie (SIT) in der Behandlung von Patienten mit allergischer Rhinitis als Standard etabliert ist, wird es vor allem in der Therapie des schweren allergischen Asthmas bronchiale weiter kontrovers diskutiert. Tatsächlich ist die SIT die einzige verfügbare Therapieoption, um Allergien und somit den wichtigsten Auslöser der Asthmaepidemie effektiv zu behandeln. Im Gegensatz zu den symptomatisch wirksamen Therapeutika konnte für die SIT eine anhaltende Besserung der Symptome über viele Jahre demonstriert werden. Dennoch erhalten weltweit nur 10 % der betroffenen Patienten Zugang zu dieser Therapieform, auch weil das Risiko schwerer Nebenwirkungen von einigen Akteuren als zu hoch eingestuft wird. Angestoßen durch weltweite Standardisierungsbemühungen, die in Deutschland zur Therapieallergene-Verordnung (TAV) führten, stehen heute wirksame und sichere subkutane (SCIT) und sublinguale (SLIT) Therapeutika zur Verfügung. Viele neue Dosierungsschemata und Darreichungsformen, wie z. B. die epikutane oder intralymphatische Immuntherapie, befinden sich in der Entwicklung.

Abstract

With more than 300 million affected patients, bronchial asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory diseases worldwide and leads to a significant reduction in the quality of life. Allergies, one common cause of this disease, have become increasingly important over the past half century and affect up to 30% of the population today. While allergen-specific immunotherapy (SIT) is a standard care in the treatment of patients with allergic rhinitis, it is still controversially discussed in the treatment of patients suffering from allergic asthma. The use of SIT is the only treatment option available to counteract allergies and, thus, the main cause of the asthma epidemic. In contrast to the symptomatically effective therapeutic agents, a sustained improvement of symptoms over many years has been demonstrated for SIT; however, only 10% of affected patients worldwide have access to this type of therapy. One reason might be that the risk of severe side effects during the 3–5 years of therapy is considered to be too high. Triggered by worldwide standardization efforts that led to the Therapy Allergen Regulations (TAV) in Germany, effective and safe subcutaneous (SCIT) and sublingual (SLIT) therapeutic agents are available. Many new dosage regimens and administration forms, such as epicutaneous or intralymphatic immunotherapy, are under development.

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Correspondence to M. Rosewich.

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M. Rosewich hat von den Firmen ALK, Allergopharma, Bencard, Chiesi und Novartis Unterstützung für Forschungstätigkeit, Vortragsreisen und Vortragshonorare erhalten.

Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine von den Autoren durchgeführten Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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M. Gappa, Wesel

M. Rose, Leipzig

M. Rosewich, Altötting

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Rosewich, M. Allergenspezifische Immuntherapie bei Asthma bronchiale. Pneumologe 15, 196–201 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-018-0182-x

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