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Der thoraxchirurgische Patient auf der Intensivstation

Thoracic surgery patients in the intensive care unit

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Zusammenfassung

Die Intensivtherapie nach Thoraxeingriffen hat in der jüngeren Vergangenheit mehrere Paradigmenwechsel erlebt. Einerseits werden mittlerweile viele Eingriffe mit minimal-invasiven Techniken durchgeführt, wodurch ein postoperativer Aufenthalt auf der Intensivstation eher entbehrlich wird. Andererseits werden zunehmend mehr Patienten mit verschiedenen Komorbiditäten operiert, bei denen sich eine postoperative Intensivtherapie eher komplexer gestaltet. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die intensivmedizinischen Aspekte nach thoraxchirurgischen Eingriffen als Bestandteil eines perioperativen Prozesses. Dabei werden Kriterien der präoperativen Evaluation, des intraoperativen Managements und der postoperativen Intensivtherapie beschrieben. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die physiologischen und pathophysiologischen Aspekte des perioperativen Prozesses gelegt. Neben Empfehlungen für eine multimodale perioperative Schmerztherapie mittels Periduralkatheter und systemischer Analgesie sowie Anmerkungen zum perioperativen Flüssigkeitsmanagement werden kardiopulmonale Risikofaktoren und relevante postoperative Komplikationen beschrieben.

Abstract

In the recent past the paradigms for postoperative intensive care after thoracic surgery have been changed periodically. Currently only few patients reach the intensive care unit after thoracic surgery as many of the operations are performed using minimally invasive techniques. On the other hand patients who undergo thoracic surgery show more comorbidities. These patients need intensive care which is more complex and involves either aspects related to the comorbidities or intraoperative challenges. Therefore, intensive care after thoracic surgery should be integrated into a perioperative process. This article highlights aspects of preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management and postoperative care. The physiological and pathophysiological changes and challenges during this process are discussed in detail. The article presents guidelines for a multimodal approach for perioperative pain therapy, discusses aspects of perioperative fluid management and describes some cardiopulmonary risk factors as well as possible postoperative complications which can be relevant for the treatment of patients after thoracic surgery.

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Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehung hin: Der Autor erhielt in der Vergangenheit vereinzelt Vortragshonorare von der Fa. Edwards.

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Uhlig, T. Der thoraxchirurgische Patient auf der Intensivstation. Pneumologe 10, 240–247 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-012-0616-9

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