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Pulmonale Dyspnoe

Pulmonary dyspnea

  • Leitthema
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Zusammenfassung

Dyspnoe ist ein wesentliches Symptom bei chronischen Erkrankungen der Atmung, das zu verminderter Aktivität, Dekonditionierung und Einschränkung der Lebensqualität führt. Es entsteht durch eine Störung im Bereich des Gasaustauschs, der Atemmuskelpumpe oder der zentralen Atemregulation. Dabei lässt sich zwischen hypoxischem Lungenversagen mit Störungen des Gasaustauschs z. B. bei Lungenfibrose und hyperkapnischem Pumpversagen mit Störungen der alveolären Ventilation z. B. bei Kyphoskoliose oder obstruktiven Lungenerkrankungen unterscheiden. Beim initialen Patientenkontakt ist es wichtig, sofort den Schweregrad der Symptomatik zu erfassen und symptomatische Therapiemaßnahmen einzuleiten. Anamnese und körperliche Untersuchung sind die Hauptpfeiler der Diagnostik zur weiteren Eingrenzung der in Frage kommenden Erkrankungen und werden durch gezielte weitere Untersuchungen ergänzt. Bei Lungenerkrankungen wie COPD, Lungenfibrose oder Lungenhochdruck kommt es zu einer langsam zunehmenden Dyspnoe, daher wird die Diagnose oft erst spät im Krankheitsverlauf gestellt. Bei Patienten mit fortgeschrittenen Malignomen ist Dyspnoe ein häufiges und sehr belastendes Symptom, das von den Behandelnden jedoch weniger beachtet wird als das Symptom Schmerz. Ziel der Therapie bei chronischen Lungenerkrankungen ist eine Linderung der Dyspnoe. Abhängig von der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung kann eine Kombination aus medikamentöser Therapie, symptomatischen Maßnahmen, nichtinvasiver Beatmung und Training zum Erhalt der Muskulatur eingesetzt werden.

Abstract

Dyspnea is a major symptom of patients with chronic respiratory diseases leading to activity limitation, deconditioning and a decreased quality of life. It results from impairments in gas exchange, balance between the load on and capacity of the respiratory muscles and increased neural respiratory drive. It can be distinguished from hypoxic failure due to disturbances in gas exchange, e.g. in pulmonary fibrosis and hypercapnic failure of the ventilatory pump, e.g. in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or kyphoscoliosis. Medical history and physical examination are the mainstays of diagnostic evaluation. In addition specific laboratory, radiographic and clinical examinations are performed depending on the symptoms and the diagnostic possibilities. In patients with chronic lung diseases, e.g. COPD, pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary hypertension, dyspnea often progresses relentlessly with time to reach incapacitating levels. Therefore, the diagnosis is frequently made late in the course of the disease. In patients with malignancies dyspnea is a frequent symptom, which, however, is less recognized than pain. Treatment goal of dyspnea in chronic lung diseases is relief of dyspnea. Depending on the underlying disease a combination of medical therapy, symptomatic treatment, noninvasive ventilation and physical training can be applied.

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Wilkens, H. Pulmonale Dyspnoe. Pneumologe 9, 254–261 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10405-011-0566-7

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