Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microdevices for extensional rheometry of low viscosity elastic liquids: a review

  • Review Paper
  • Published:
Microfluidics and Nanofluidics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Extensional flows and the underlying stability/instability mechanisms are of extreme relevance to the efficient operation of inkjet printing, coating processes and drug delivery systems, as well as for the generation of micro droplets. The development of an extensional rheometer to characterize the extensional properties of low viscosity fluids has therefore stimulated great interest of researchers, particularly in the last decade. Microfluidics has proven to be an extraordinary working platform and different configurations of potential extensional microrheometers have been proposed. In this review, we present an overview of several successful designs, together with a critical assessment of their capabilities and limitations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alves MA (2008) Design a cross-slot flow channel for extensional viscosity measurements. AIP Conf Proc 1027:240–242

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anna SL, McKinley GH (2008) Effect of a controlled pre-deformation history on extensional viscosity of dilute polymer solutions. Rheol Acta 47:841–859

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anna SL, Rogers C, McKinley GH (1999) On controlling the kinematics of a filament stretching rheometer using a real-time active control mechanism. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 87:307–335

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Anna SL, McKinley GH, Nguyen DA, Sridhar T, Muller S, Huang J, James DF (2001) An interlaboratory comparison of measurements from filament-stretching rheometers using common test fluids. J Rheol 45(1):83–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardekani AM, Sharma V, McKinley GH (2010) Dynamics of bead formation, filament thinning and breakup in weakly viscoelastic jets. J Fluid Mech 665:46–56

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Arratia PE, Thomas CC, Diorio J, Gollub JP (2006) Elastic instabilities of polymer solutions in cross-channel flow. Phys Rev Lett 96:144502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arratia PE, Gollub JP, Durian DJ (2008) Polymeric filament thinning and breakup in microchannels. Phys Rev E 77:036309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babcock HP, Teixeira RE, Hur JS, Shaqfeh ESG (2003) Visualization of molecular fluctuations near the critical point of the coil-stretch transition in polymer elongation. Macromolecules 36:4544–4548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balducci AG, Tang J, Doyle PS (2008) Electrophoretic stretching of dna molecules in cross-slot nanoslit channels. Macromolecules 41:9914–9918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandalusena HCH, Zimmerman WB, Rees JM (2009) Microfluidic rheometry of a polymer solution by micron resolution particle image velocimetry: a model validation study. Meas Sci Technol 20:115404

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banpurkar AG, Duits MHG, van den Ende D, Mugele F (2009) Electrowetting of complex fluids: perspectives for rheometry on chip. Langmuir 25:1245–1252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bänsch E, Berg CP, Ohlhoff A (2004) Uniaxial extensional flows in liquid bridges. J Fluid Mech 521:353–379

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters K (1993) An introduction to rheology. Rheology series, 3rd edn. Elsevier, The Netherlands

    Google Scholar 

  • Bazilevsky A, Entov V, Rozhkov A (1990) Liquid filament microrheometer and some of its applications. In: Oliver DR (ed) Proceedings of the third European rheology conference. Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp 41–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Becherer P, Morozov AN, van Saarloos W (2008) Scaling of singular structures in extensional flow of dilute polymer solutions. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 153:183–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beni G, Hackwood S (1981) Electro-wetting displays. Appl Phys Lett 38(4):207–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berge B (1993) Electrocapillarité et mouillage de films isolants par l’eau. Comptes rendus de l’ Academie des sciences Seŕie 2 317(2):157–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharjee PK, McDonnell AG, Prabhakar R, Yeo LY, Friend J (2011) Extensional flow of low-viscosity fluids in capillary bridges formed by pulsed surface acoustic wave jetting. New J Phys 13:023005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bird RB, Armstrong RC, Hassager O (1987) Dynamics of polymer liquids. Fluid mechanics, vol 1, 2nd edn. Wiley, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Deaño L, Clasen C (2010) The slow retraction method (SRM) for the determination of ultra-short relaxation times in capillary breakup extensional rheometry experiments. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 165:1688–1699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campo-Deaño L, Galindo-Rosales FJ, Pinho FT, Alves MA, Oliveira MSN (2011) Flow of low viscosity boger fluids through a microfluidic hyperbolic contraction. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 166:1286–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cubaud T, Mason TG (2009) High-viscosity fluids threads in weakly diffusive microfluidic systems. New J Phys 11:075029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dontula P, Pasquali M, Scriven LE, Macosko CW (1997) Can extensional viscosity be measured with opposed-nozzle devices. Rheol Acta 36:429–448

    Google Scholar 

  • Dukhin A, Zelenev A (2010) Rheology: shear, extensional, longitudinal. Sci Topics. http://www.scitopics.com/Rheology_shear_extensional_longitudinal.html (accessed 20 June 2012)

  • Dylla-Spears R, Townsend JE, Jen-Jacobson L, Sohn LL, Muller SJ (2010) Single-molecule sequence detection via microfluidic planar extensional flow at a stagnation point. Lab Chip 10:1543–1549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erni P, Varagnat M, Clasen C, Crest J, McKinley GH (2011) Microrheometry of sub-nanolitre biopolymer samples: non-newtonian flow phenomena of carnivorous plant mucilage. Soft Matter 7:10889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franck A (2011) The ARES-EVF: option for measuring extensional viscosity of polymer melts. http://www.tainstruments.com/pdf/literature/APN002_V2_ARES_EVF_to_measure_elongation_viscosity.pdf (accessed 20 June 2012)

  • Fuller GG, Cathey CA, Hubbard B, Zebrowski BE (1987) Extensional viscosity measurements for low-viscosity fluids. J Rheol 31:235–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funami T (2011) Next target for food hydrocolloid studies: texture design of foods using hydrocolloid technology. Food Hydrocolloids 25:1904–1914

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaudet S, McKinley GH (1998) Extensional deformation of non-Newtonian liquid bridges. Comput Mech 21:461–476

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Göttfert (2011) Elongational testing—rheotens and haul-off. http://www.goettfert.com/images/stories/downloads/produkte/Rheotens_71-97_en.pdf (accessed 20 June 2012)

  • Guillot P, Panizza P, Salmon JP, Joanicot M, Colin A (2006) Viscosimeter on a microfluidic chip. Langmuir 22:6438–6445

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guillot P, Moulin T, Kotitz RMG, Dodge A, Joanicot M, Colin A, Bruneau CH, Colin T (2008) Towards a continuous microfluidic rheometer. Microfluid Nanofluid 5:619–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RK, Sridhar T (1988) Rheological Measurements. In: Clegg D, Collyer AA (eds) Elsevier, The Netherlands

  • Haward SJ (2010) Buckling instabilities in dilute polymer solution elastic strands. Rheol Acta 49:1219–1225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haward SJ, Odell JA, Berry M, Hall T (2011) Extensional rheology of human saliva. Rheol Acta 50:869–879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haward SJ, Ober TJ, Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, McKinley GH (2012a) Extensional rheology and elastic instabilities of a wormlike micellar solution in a microfluidic cross-slot device. Soft Matter 8:536–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haward SJ, Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, McKinley GH (2012b) Optimized cross-slot flow geometry for microfluidic extensional rheometry. Phys Rev Lett (submitted)

  • Hermansky CG, Boger DV (1995) Opposing-jet viscometry of fluids with viscosity approaching that of water. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 56:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh SS, Huang YC (2008) Passive mixing in micro-channels with geometric variations through μPIV and μLIF measurements. J Micromech Microeng 18:065017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson SD, Phelan FR, Handler MD, Cabral JT, Migler KB, Amis EJ (2004) Microfluidic analog of the four-roll mill. Appl Phys Lett 85(2):335–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Husny J, Cooper-White JJ (2006) The effect of elasticity on drop creation in T-shaped microchannels. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 137:121–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kojic N, Bico J, Clasen C, McKinley GH (2006) Ex vivo rheology of spider silk. J Exp Biol 209:4355–4362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari N, Garimella SV (2011) Electrowetting-induced dewetting transitions on superhydrophobic surfaces. Langmuir 27:10342–10346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagnado RR, Leal LG (1990) Visualization of three-dimensional flow in a four-roll mill. Exp Fluids 9:25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JS, Dylla-Spears R, Teclemariam NP, Muller SJ (2007) Microfluidic four-roll mill for all flow types. Appl Phys Lett 90:074103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee W, Walker LM, Anna SL (2011) Competition between viscoelasticity and surfactant dynamics in flow focusing microfluidics. Macromol Mater Eng 296:203–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YY, Lin CW, Yang LJ, Wang AB (2007) Micro-viscometer based on electrowetting on dielectric. Electrochim Acta 52:2876–2883

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Link DR, Anna SL, Weitz DA, Stone HA (2004) Geometrically mediated breakup of drops in microfluidic devices. Phys Rev Lett 92(5):054503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lippmann G (1875) Relations entre les phénomènes électriques et capillaires. Ann Chim Phys 5:494

    Google Scholar 

  • Macosko CW (1994) Rheology: principles, measurements, and applications. Wiley, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Maia JM, Covas JA, Nóbrega JM, Dias TF, Alves FE (1999) Measuring uniaxial extensional viscosity using a modified rotational rheometer. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 80:183–197

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Matta JE, Tytus RP (1990) Liquid stretching using a falling cylinder. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 35:215–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley GH (2005) Visco-elasto-capillary thinning and break-up of complex fluids. In: Binding DM, Walters K (eds) Rheology reviews. The British Society of Rheology

  • McKinley GH, Hall NR (2011a) Shear history extensional rheology experiment II (SHERE II). http://issresearchproject.grc.nasa.gov/MSG/SHERE_II/ (accessed 20 June 2012)

  • McKinley GH, Hall NR (2011b) Shear history extensional rheology experiment (SHERE). http://issresearchproject.grc.nasa.gov/MSG/SHERE/ (accessed 20 June 2012)

  • McKinley GH, Sridhar T (2002) Filament-stretching rheometry of complex fluids. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 34:375–415

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley GH, Tripathi A (2000) How to extract the Newtonian viscosity from capillary breakup measurements in a filament rheometer. J Rheol 44(3):653–671

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McKinley GH, Brauner O, Yao M (2001) Kinematics of filament stretching in dilute and concentrated polymer solutions. Korea Austral J Rheol 13(1):29–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner J (1985a) Experimental aspects in polymer melt elongational rheometry. Chem Eng Commun 33:159–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner J (1985b) Rheometry of polymer melts. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 17:45–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mugele F, Baret JC (2005) Electrowetting: from basics to applications. J Phys Condens Matter 17:R705–R774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Münsted H (1979) New universal extensional rheometer for polymer melts. Measurements on a polystyrene sample. J Rheol 23(4):421–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson WC, Kavehpour HP, Kim CJ (2010) A micro extensional filament rheometer enabled by EWOD. In: IEEE 23rd international conference on micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), pp 75–78

  • Nelson WC, Kavehpour HP, Kim CJ (2011) A miniature capillary breakup extensional rheometer by electrostatically assisted generation of liquid filaments. Lab Chip 11:2424–2431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ng SL, Mun RP, Boger DV, James DF (1996) Extensional viscosity measurements of dilute polymer solutions of various polymers. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 65:291–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niedzwiedz K, Arnolds O, Willenbacher N, Brummer R (2009) How to characterize yield stress fluids with capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER). Appl Rheol 19(4):41969

    Google Scholar 

  • Niedzwiedz K, Buggisch H, Willenbacher N (2010) Extensional rheology of concentrated emulsions as probed by capillary breakup elongational rheometry (CaBER). Rheol Acta 49:1103–1116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nijenhuis K, McKinley GH, Spiegelberg S, Barnes HA, Aksel N, Heymann L, Odell JA (2007) Springer handbook on experimental fluid mechanics, Chap 9. Non-Newtonian flows. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Odell JA, Carrington SA (2006) Extensional flow oscillatory rheometry. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 137:110–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, McKinley GH (2005) Iterated stretching and multiple beads-on-a-string phenomena in dilute solutions of highly extensible flexible polymers. Phys Fluids 17:071704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Yeh R, McKinley GH (2006) Iterated stretching, extensional rheology and formation of beads-on-a-string structures in polymer solutions. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 137:137–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, Pinho FT, McKinley GH (2007a) Viscous flow through microfabricated hyperbolic contractions. Exp Fluids 43:437–451

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Oliveira PJ, Pinho FT, Alves MA (2007b) Effect of contraction ratio upon viscoelastic flow in contractions: the axisymmetric case. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 147:92–108

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, Pinho FT (2008a) Extensional effects in viscoelastic fluid flow through a micro-scale double cross-slot. AIP Conf Proc 1027:982–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Rodd LE, McKinley GH, Alves MA (2008b) Simulations of extensional flow in microrheometric devices. Microfluid Nanofluid 5:809–826

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Pinho FT, Poole RJ, Oliveira PJ, Alves MA (2009) Purely-elastic flow asymmetries in flow focusing devices. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 160:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira MSN, Alves MA, Pinho FT (2012) Transport and mixing in laminar flows: from microfluidics to oceanic currents, Chap 6. Microfluidic flows of viscoelastic fluids. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan M (1995) Measurement of extensional viscosity of viscoelastic liquid foods. J Food Eng 25:311–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan M, Bhattacharya M (1993) Planar extensional viscosity of corn meal dough. J Food Eng 18:389–411

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pathak JA, Hudson SD (2006) Rheo-optics of equilibrium polymer solutions: wormlike micelles in elongational flow in a microfluidic cross-slot. Macromolecules 39:8782–8792

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perkins TT, Smith DE, Chu S (1997) Single polymer dynamics in an elongation flow. Science 314:216–221

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrie CJS (1997) Three-dimensional presentation of extensional flow data. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 70:205–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie CJS (2006) Extensional viscosity: a critical discussion. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 137:15–23

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Phelan FR Jr, Hudson SD, Handler MD (2005) Fluid dynamics analysis of channel flow geometries for materials characterization in microfluidic devices. Rheol Acta 45:59–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pipe C, McKinley GH (2009) Microfluidic rheometry. Mech Res Commun 36:110–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pipe C, Majmudar TS, McKinley GH (2008) High shear rate viscometry. Rheol Acta 47:621–642

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollack MG, Fair RB, Shenderov AD (2010) Electrowetting-based actuation of liquid droplets for microfluidic applications. Appl Phys Lett 77:1725–1727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poole RJ, Alves MA, Oliveira PJ (2007) Purely elastic flow asymmetries. Phys Rev Lett 99:164503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Remmelgas J, Singh P, Leal LG (1999) Computational studies of nonlinear elastic dumbbell models of boger fluids in a cross-slot flow. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 88:31–61

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Ríos S, Díaz J, Galindo A, Soto E, Calderas F, Mena B (2002) Instrumentation and start up of a new elongational rheometer with preshearing history. Rev Sci Instrum 73:3007–3011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roche M, Kellay H, Stone HA (2011) Heterogeneity and the role of normal stresses during the extensional thinning of non-Brownian shear-thickening fluids. Phys Rev Lett 107:34503

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodd LE, Scott TP, Boger DV, Cooper-White JJ, McKinley GH (2005a) The inertio-elastic planar entry flow of low-viscosity elastic fluids in micro-fabricated geometries. J Non Newtonian Fluid Mech 129:1–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodd LE, Scott TP, Cooper-White JJ, McKinley GH (2005b) Capillary break-up rheometry of low-viscosity elastic fluids. Appl Rheol 15:12–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodd LE, Cooper-White JJ, Boger DV, McKinley GH (2007) The role of elasticity number in the entry flow of dilute polymer solutions in micro-fabricated contraction geometries. J Non Newtonian Fluid Mech 143:170–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein JP (2008) Strong flows of viscoelastic wormlike micelle solutions. In: Binding DM, Walters K (eds) Rheology reviews. The British Society of Rheology

  • Rothstein JP, McKinley GH (1999) Extensional flow of a polystyrene boger fluid through a 4:1:4 axisymmetric contraction/expansion. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 86:61–88

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein JP, McKinley GH (2001) The axisymmetric contraction–expansion: the role of extensional rheology on vortex growth dynamics and the enhanced pressure drop. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 98:33–63

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler R, Wagner C, Eggers J (2008) Blistering pattern and formation of nanofibers in capillary thinning of polymer solutions. Phys Rev Lett 100:164502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz WW, Davis SH (1982) One-dimensional liquid fibers. J Rheol 26(4):331–345

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer T (2000) The uniaxial elongational rheometer rme—six years of experience. Rheol Acta 39:428–443

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sentmanat M, Wang BN, McKinley GH (2005) Measuring the transient extensional rheology of polyethylene melts using the ser universal testing platform. J Rheol 49(3):585–606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaqfeh ESG (2005) The dynamics of single-molecule dna in flow. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 130:1–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song JH, Evans R, Lin YY, Hsu BN, Fair RB (2009) A scaling model for electrowetting-on-dielectric microfluidic actuators. Microfluid Nanofluid 7:75–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soulages J, Le Goupil F, Hostettler J, McKinley GH (2009a) An opposed-nozzle fixture for measuring the extensional properties of low viscosity liquids using a conventional controlled strain rheometer. In: Co A (ed) The Society of Rheology. 81st annual meeting program and abstracts, p 115

  • Soulages J, Oliveira MSN, Sousa PC, Alves MA, McKinley GH (2009b) Investigating the stability of viscoelastic stagnation flows in t-shaped microchannels. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 163:9–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa PC, Coelho PM, Oliveira MSN, Alves MA (2011) Laminar flow in three-dimensional square–square expansion. J Non Newton Fluid Mech 166:1033–1048

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squires TM, Mason TG (2010) Fluid mechanics of microrheology. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 42:413–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Squires TM, Quake SR (2005) Microfluidics: fluid physics at the nanoliter scale. Rev Mod Phys 77:977–1026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sridhar T (2000) From rheometry to rheology. Korea Austral Rheol J 12(1):39–53

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Tan MK, Friend JR, Yeo LY (2009) Interfacial jetting phenomena induced by focusing surface vibrations. Phys Rev Lett 103:024501

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner RI (1988) Pressure-hole errors—an alternative approach. J Non Newtonian Fluid Mech 28:309–318

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Tanyeri M, Johnson-Chavarria EM, Schroeder CM (2010) Hydrodynamic trap for single particles and cells. Appl Phys Lett 96:224101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanyeri M, Ranka M, Sittipolkul N, Schroeder CM (2011) A microfluidic-based hydrodynamic trap: design and implementation. Lab Chip 11:1786–1794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GI (1934) The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow. Proc Roy Soc Lond Ser A 146:501–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trouton FT (1906) On the coefficient of viscous traction and its relation to that of viscosity. Proc Roy Soc Lond 77:426–440

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, James DF (2011) Lubricated extensional flow of viscoelastic fluid in a convergent microchannel. J Rheol 55:1103–1126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitesides GM (2006) The origins and future of microfluidics. Nature 42:368–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng R, Tanner RI, Fan XJ (2011) Injection molding: integration of theory and modeling methods. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), COMPETE and FEDER for financial support through projects PTDC/EME-MFE/099109/2008, PTDC/EME-MFE/114322/2009, PTDC/EQU-FTT/118716/2010 and the scholarship SFRH/BPD /69663/2010. The authors also thank Dr. Rob Poole (University of Liverpool) for helpful comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Engenharia Química, Centro de Estudos de Fenómenos de Transporte (CEFT), Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal

    F. J. Galindo-Rosales & M. A. Alves

  2. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK

    M. S. N. Oliveira

Authors
  1. F. J. Galindo-Rosales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. A. Alves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. S. N. Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to F. J. Galindo-Rosales.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Galindo-Rosales, F.J., Alves, M.A. & Oliveira, M.S.N. Microdevices for extensional rheometry of low viscosity elastic liquids: a review. Microfluid Nanofluid 14, 1–19 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-012-1028-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-012-1028-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation