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Vector-Borne Disease in Wild Mammals Impacted by Urban Expansion and Climate Change

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Abstract

Ecologies of zoonotic vector-borne diseases may shift with climate and land use change. As many urban-adapted mammals can host ectoparasites and pathogens of human and animal health concern, our goal was to compare patterns of arthropod-borne disease among medium-sized mammals across gradients of rural to urban landscapes in multiple regions of California. DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum was found in 1–5% of raccoons, coyotes, and San Joaquin kit foxes; Borrelia burgdorferi in one coyote, rickettsiae in two desert kit foxes, and Yersinia pestis in two coyotes. There was serological evidence of rickettsiae in 14–37% of coyotes, Virginia opossums, and foxes; and A. phagocytophilum in 6–40% of coyotes, raccoons, Virginia opossums, and foxes. Of six flea species, one Ctenocephalides felis from a raccoon was positive for Y. pestis, and Ct. felis and Pulex simulans fleas tested positive for Rickettsia felis and R. senegalensis. A Dermacentor similis tick off a San Joaquin kit fox was PCR-positive for A. phagocytophilum. There were three statistically significant risk factors: risk of A. phagocytophilum PCR-positivity was threefold greater in fall vs the other three seasons; hosts adjacent to urban areas had sevenfold increased A. phagocytophilum seropositivity compared with urban and rural areas; and there was a significant spatial cluster of rickettsiae within greater Los Angeles. Animals in areas where urban and rural habitats interconnect can serve as sentinels during times of change in disease risk.

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Acknowledgements

We thank fellow laboratory members in the Foley Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology, especially Laura Backus, Alejandra Castillo Valenzuela, Kim Conway, and Nadia Javeed; Kelsey Clark at CDFW; and Patrick Foley. JEF acknowledges funding support from the Pacific Southwest Regional Center of Excellence for Vector-borne Diseases funded by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cooperative Agreement 1U01CK000516); and LCS was supported by the Preventive Veterinary Medicine Graduate Group.

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  1. Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California–Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    Laura Shultz, Andrés M. López-Pérez, Raina Jasuja & Janet Foley

  2. Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Veracruz, A.C. 91073, México

    Andrés M. López-Pérez

  3. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Sarah Helman, Katherine Prager & Amanda Tokuyama

  4. South Coast Research and Extension Center, University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, Irvine, CA, USA

    Niamh Quinn & Danielle Bucklin

  5. California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, CA, USA

    Jaime Rudd & Deana Clifford

  6. National Park Service, Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, Calabasas, CA, USA

    Justin Brown & Seth Riley

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Supplementary Figure 1

. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated with the General Time Reversible Model with Gamma distribution (GTR + G) of the gltA gene of Rickettsia species in medium sized mammals and their ectoparasites from the greater LA region of southern California. Each sequence is indicated by its GenBank accession number, sample type (ectoparasite species/tissue), and host species (VM = Vulpes macrotis; CL = Canis latrans; PL = Procyon lotor; DV = Didelphis virginiana). Bold font indicates samples from this study. Numbers in parentheses are the number of sequences obtained from tissue and ectoparasite.

Supplementary file1 (TIF 776 KB)

Supplementary Figure 2

. Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree generated with the General Time Reversible Model with Gamma distribution (GTR + G) of the ompB gene of Rickettsia species in medium sized mammals and their ectoparasites from the greater LA region of southern California. Each sequence is indicated by its GenBank accession number, sample type (ectoparasite species/tissue), and host species (VM = Vulpes macrotis; CL = Canis latrans; PL = Procyon lotor; DV = Didelphis virginianawalker). Bold font indicates samples from this study. Numbers in parentheses are the number of sequences obtained from tissue and ectoparasite.

Supplementary file2 (TIF 709 KB)

Supplementary file3 (DOCX 43 KB)

Supplementary file3 (DOCX 28 KB)

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Shultz, L., López-Pérez, A.M., Jasuja, R. et al. Vector-Borne Disease in Wild Mammals Impacted by Urban Expansion and Climate Change. EcoHealth 20, 286–299 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-023-01650-x

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