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A Multi-landscape Assessment of Leptospira Prevalence on a Diversity of Small Mammals

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Abstract

Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease, especially in the tropics, and rodents were known to be carriers of this bacterium. There was established information on Leptospira prevalence among animal reservoirs in human-dominated landscapes from previous literature. However, there was very little focus given comparing the prevalence of Leptospira in a wide range of habitats. An extensive sampling of small mammals from various landscapes was carried out, covering oil palm plantations, paddy fields, recreational forests, semi-urbans, and wet markets in Peninsular Malaysia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira in a diversity of small mammals across different landscapes. Cage-trapping was deployed for small mammals’ trappings, and the kidneys of captured individuals were extracted, for screening of pathogenic Leptospira by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using LipL32 primer. Eight microhabitat parameters were measured at each study site. Out of 357 individuals captured, 21 (5.9%) were positive for pathogenic Leptospira of which recreational forest had the highest prevalence (8.8%) for landscape types, whereas Sundamys muelleri shows the highest prevalence (50%) among small mammals’ species. Microhabitat analysis reveals that rubbish quantity (p < 0.05) significantly influenced the Leptospira prevalence among small mammals. Furthermore, nMDS analysis indicates that the presence of faeces, food waste, and exposure to humans in each landscape type also were linked with high prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira among the small mammals. This study supplements previous studies on pathogenic Leptospira prevalence across different landscape types, and the major microhabitat factors associated with Leptospira prevalence. This information is crucial for epidemiological surveillance and habitat management to curb the possibility of the disease outbreaks.

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Acknowledgements

We want to thank the Kota Bharu Municipal Council and UM Plantation for allowing us to coordinate our sampling and trapping efforts in their areas. We also want to extend our gratitude to the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN) and the Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA) for granting us permission to conduct this study. We also would like to thank field staff from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Universiti Malaya (UM) and Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) for their assistance during the sampling efforts. This research was only made possible with financial support from Ministry of Higher Education of Malaysia through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2018/STG03/UKM/02/1) and Prototype Development Research Grant Scheme (PRGS/1/2019/SKK11/UPM/02/2). Part of the data collection was also supported by an Institutional Links grant, ID 332192305, under the Newton-Ungku Omar Fund partnership. The grant was funded by the UK Department of Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and the Energy and Industrial Strategy and Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology (MIGHT) and delivered by the British Council. We also acknowledge the funding from the Ministry of Education, Malaysia for niche area research under the Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE) program (Project MO002-2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Muhammad Zahin Rosli, Farah Shafawati Mohd-Taib & Shukor Md Nor

  2. Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Jing Jing Khoo & Sazaly AbuBakar

  3. Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Malaysia

    Hui Yee Chee & Yien Ping Wong

  4. School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

    Nur Juliani Shafie & Nor Zalipah Mohamed

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  1. Muhammad Zahin Rosli
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Correspondence to Farah Shafawati Mohd-Taib.

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Rosli, M.Z., Mohd-Taib, F.S., Khoo, J.J. et al. A Multi-landscape Assessment of Leptospira Prevalence on a Diversity of Small Mammals. EcoHealth 20, 208–224 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-023-01637-8

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