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Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers

EcoHealth volume 14, pages 342–360 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

Drivers and risk factors for Influenza A virus transmission across species barriers are poorly understood, despite the ever present threat to human and animal health potentially on a pandemic scale. Here we review the published evidence for epidemiological risk factors associated with influenza viruses transmitting between animal species and from animals to humans. A total of 39 papers were found with evidence of epidemiological risk factors for influenza virus transmission from animals to humans; 18 of which had some statistical measure associated with the transmission of a virus. Circumstantial or observational evidence of risk factors for transmission between animal species was found in 21 papers, including proximity to infected animals, ingestion of infected material and potential association with a species known to carry influenza virus. Only three publications were found which presented a statistical measure of an epidemiological risk factor for the transmission of influenza between animal species. This review has identified a significant gap in knowledge regarding epidemiological risk factors for the transmission of influenza viruses between animal species.

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Notes

  1. FAO EMPRES-i compiles and displays information from numerous sources (FAO representatives or country missions, FAO reports, OIE, official government sources, European Commission, FAO reference centres, laboratories and FAO collaborators) to provide full and accurate information on the animal disease situation worldwide.

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Acknowledgements

This work was conducted within the framework of the FLURISK project, supported by the European Food Safety Authority. The sole responsibility of this review lies with the authors and the European Food Safety Authority shall not be considered responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge (APHA), Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK

    Kate A. Harris, Andy A. Hill, Rowena Kosmider, Jill Banks, Ian H. Brown, Dennis J. Alexander & Andrew C. Breed

  2. Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands

    Gudrun S. Freidl, Marion P. G. Koopmans, Adam Meijer & Erwin de Bruin

  3. Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

    Gudrun S. Freidl & Marion P. G. Koopmans

  4. OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy

    Olga S. Munoz, Marco De Nardi & Ilaria Capua

  5. Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK

    Sophie von Dobschuetz, Katharina D. C. Stärk, Andy A. Hill & Kim Stevens

  6. SAFOSO AG, Liebefeld, Switzerland

    Marco De Nardi

  7. International Livestock Research Institute ILRI, Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Barbara Wieland

  8. Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Kristien van Reeth & Karen van der Meulen

  9. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy

    Sophie von Dobschuetz & Gwen Dauphin

  10. Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

    Sylvie van der Werf & Vincent Enouf

  11. One Health Center of Excellence, Emerging Pathogens Institute and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences-Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 32611, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Olga S. Munoz & Ilaria Capua

  12. BAE Systems, Farnborough, UK

    Andy A. Hill

  13. Epidemiology and One Health Section, Department of Water Resources, Canberra, Australia

    Andrew C. Breed

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  1. Kate A. Harris
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  2. Gudrun S. Freidl
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  22. Dennis J. Alexander
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Correspondence to Andrew C. Breed.

Additional information

Dennis J. Alexander: Retired from APHA, Weybridge.

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Harris, K.A., Freidl, G.S., Munoz, O.S. et al. Epidemiological Risk Factors for Animal Influenza A Viruses Overcoming Species Barriers. EcoHealth 14, 342–360 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-017-1244-y

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Keywords

  • Influenza
  • Avian influenza
  • Zoonosis
  • Epidemiology
  • Risk factor
  • Transmission

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