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Molecular Epidemiology of Avian Malaria in Wild Breeding Colonies of Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in South America

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Abstract

Avian malaria is a disease caused by species of the genera Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and Plasmodium. It affects hundreds of bird species, causing varied clinical signs depending on the susceptibility of the host species. Although high mortality has been reported in captive penguins, limited epidemiological studies have been conducted in wild colonies, and isolated records of avian malaria have been reported mostly from individuals referred to rehabilitation centers. For this epidemiological study, we obtained blood samples from 501 adult Humboldt and 360 adult Magellanic penguins from 13 colonies throughout South America. To identify malaria parasitaemia, we amplified the mtDNA cytochrome b for all three parasite genera. Avian malaria was absent in most of the analyzed colonies, with exception of the Punta San Juan Humboldt penguin colony, in Peru, where we detected at least two new Haemoproteus lineages in three positive samples, resulting in a prevalence of 0.6% for the species. The low prevalence of avian malaria detected in wild penguins could be due to two possible causes: A low incidence, with high morbidity and mortality in wild penguins or alternatively, penguins sampled in the chronic stage of the disease (during which parasitaemia in peripheral blood samples is unlikely) would be detected as false negatives.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financed by FONDECYT 11110060; FONDECYT 1010250; FONDECYT 1100695; CNPq 490403/2008-5; FAPESP 2009/08624-8; Sea World and Busch Gardens Conservation Fund and CONICYT. Many thanks to Patricia Majluf, Angela Guajardo, Cayetano Espinosa-Miranda, Rocio Alvarez, Barbara Ramos, Marco Cardeña, Sebastian Llanos, Matias Portflitt, Fernanda Norambuena, and David Morales for their help in the field, laboratory and data analysis. Samples were obtained under Subpesca (110), CONAF, and DGFFS-minag permits. Thanks to the Chilean Navy and Pan de Azucar CONAF Park Rangers for their assistance in fieldwork.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio Fauna Australis, Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, Chile

    Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira, Yertiza Herrera-Tello & Juliana A. Vianna

  2. Escuela Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile

    Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira

  3. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile

    Daniel Gonzalez-Acuña

  4. Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Gisele P. M. Dantas

  5. Universidad Católica del Norte, Millenium Nucleus of Ecology and Sustainable Management of Oceanic Islands ESMOI, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas CEAZA, Coquimbo, Chile

    Guillermo Luna-Jorquera

  6. Centro de Investigaciones de Puerto Deseado, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral, Puerto Deseado, Argentina

    Esteban Frere

  7. Laboratorio de Estudios en Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Fisiológicas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

    Armando Valdés-Velasquez

  8. Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile

    Alejandro Simeone

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  1. Nicole Sallaberry-Pincheira
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Correspondence to Juliana A. Vianna.

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Sallaberry-Pincheira, N., Gonzalez-Acuña, D., Herrera-Tello, Y. et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Avian Malaria in Wild Breeding Colonies of Humboldt and Magellanic Penguins in South America. EcoHealth 12, 267–277 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-014-0995-y

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