Summary
The Westernization efforts initiated in the Ottoman Empire (also historically known as the Turkish Empire) in the 1800s also addressed medical training. Sultan Mahmud II opened a Western-style medical school, the Imperial School of Medicine, in Galatasaray, Istanbul, in 1839. Dr. Karl Ambros Bernard (1808–1895) from Vienna, who was educated at the Josephinum Military Medical Academy, was appointed as the director. The Sultan allowed the use of cadavers and autopsies, provided that they were carried out on deceased Christians. Dr. Sigmund Spitzer (1813–1895) from Vienna joined the medical school as an anatomy and dissection specialist in 1839. In the pre-World War I period, Professor Robert Reider (1861–1913) from the University of Bonn and Professor Georg Deycke (1865–1938) from Eppendorf Hospital in Hamburg came to Istanbul to train Turkish military doctors in postgraduate studies. The Gulhane Military Postgraduate Education & Training Hospital was opened in 1898. A student of the hospital, Hamdi Suat, was sent to Germany to specialize in pathology. He completed his education under the supervision of Professor Marchand (1846–1928). Professor Hamdi Suat Aknar (1873–1936) is regarded as the founder of pathology in Turkey. The Nazi pressure on scientists of Jewish origin during the pre-World War II period led to the emigration of scientists from Germany to Turkey. Professors P. Schwartz (1894–1977) from Frankfurt University and S. Oberndorfer (1876–1943) from Munich—the latter of whom was the first to define carcinoid tumors—took charge at Istanbul University, where they established the contemporary under-postgraduate pathology education and training system.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
11 June 2019
<Emphasis Type="Bold">Erratum to:</Emphasis>
<Emphasis Type="Bold">Wien</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Bold">Med Wochenschr 2019</Emphasis>
<ExternalRef><RefSource>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-019-0686-y</RefSource><RefTarget Address="10.1007/s10354-019-0686-y" TargetType="DOI"/></ExternalRef>
Unfortunately, the legend of Fig. 2 contained a mistake. Please find the correct one below.
The correct year dates of Dr. Rigler’s stay in Istanbul, published on page 4 of the original version, must be as follows:
Dr. Lorenz
References
Akkın SM, Dinç G. A glimpse into the process of gaining permission for the educational dissection of human cadavers in the Ottoman Empire. Clin Anat. 2014;27(7):964–71.
Terzioglu A, Lucius E, editors. Die hohe Medizinschule Galatasaray und ihre Bedeutug für die moderne türkische Medizin. Berichte des Symposions am 18.9.1989 (Mektebi tıbbiye-i şahane’nin kurulması ve modern Türk tıbbına katkıları. Kuruluşunun 150. yılı simpozyum bildirileri). Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları; 1993. in Turkish and German.
Chahrour M. “A civilizing mission”? Austrian medicine and the reform of medical structures in the Ottoman Empire, 1838–1850. Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci. 2007;38(4):687–705.
Ulman YI. Galatasaray tıbbiyesi—tıbbiye’de modernleşmenin başlangıcı (The beginning of modernization in medicine in Turkey: the role of Galata Serai Imperial School of Medicine). Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2017. in Turkish.
Ortug G, Yucel F, Ay H. The role of Austrian physcians and Joseph Hyrtl (1810–1894) on modernization of Ottoman-Turkish medicine. Ann Anat. 2003;185(6):593–6.
Hyrtl, Josef – Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon. http://www.biographien.ac.at/oebl/oebl_H/Hyrtl_Josef_1810_1894.xml?frames=yes
Paksoy N. Osmanlılarda ve Türkiye Cumhuriyet’inde patoloji tarihine genel bir bakış (A general review of the history of pathology in Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey). Tıp Fakültesi Mecm. 1982;45(4):847–59. Journal of Istanbul Medical Faculty, in Turkish with an abstract in English.
Ozturk H, Karasu C. Mekteb-i tıbbiye-i adliye-i şahane’nin kurucusu Charles Ambroisse Bernard’ın eserleri ve Osmanlıya etkileri üzerine bir değerlendirme (an assessment on the works of Charles Ambroisse Bernard, the founder of Mektebi-i Tıbbiye-i Adliye-i Sahane (Imperial School of Medicine), and his effects on the Ottoman Empire). Adli Tıp Bülteni. 2014;19(3):125–34. in Turkish with an abstract in English, open access.
Terzioglu A. Türkiye’de görev yapmış Alman tıp ve deneysel bilim dallarındaki profesörlerin biyografileri (Biographies of The German doctors and scientists served in Turkey). Turk-Alman tıbbi ilişkiler simpozyum bildirileri; 18–19 Ekim 1976; Istanbul. 1981. p. 211. Proceedings of the Turkish-German relations in medicine on 18–19 October 1976, p 211, published in 1981 in Turkish.
Rigler L. Österreichisches biographisches Lexikon und biographische Dokumentation. 1815–1950. Vol. 9. Wien: Austria Academy of Sciences Press; 1985. p. 162. Lfg.42.
Samsinger E. Austria in Istanbul: the imperial and royal presence in the Ottoman Empire. Münster: LIT; 2018. in German with abstracts in English and Turkish.
Ataç A. Gülhane Tıp Akademisi’nin kurulusu (The foundation of Gulhane Military Academy). Ankara: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları; 1966. in Turkish.
Mutz-Humrich S. Prof. Dr.med. Robert Rieder (1861–1913) und sein Wirken in der Türkei. Seine Gedanken, Ansichten und Vorstellungen. Dissertation, Universität Würzburg. 2009.
Paksoy N. The history of pathology in Turkey. Pathol Res Pract. 1989;184(1):128–31.
Scurla H. Die Tätigkeit deutscher Hochschullehrer an türkischen wissenschaftlichen Hochschulen. In: Sen F, Halm D, editors. Exil unter Halbmond and Stern. Essen: Klartext; 2007. pp. 31–89.
Namal FA. Beiträge deutscher Wissenschaftler zur Entwicklung der geographischen Wissenschaft in der Türkei. In: Kaestner I, Kiefer J, editors. Beschreibung Vermessung Visualisierung der Welt. Aachen: Shaker; 2012. pp. 285–331.
Namal A. Dr. Rosa Maria Rössler (Wien 1901—Istanbul 1954): her work in Istanbul and her contribution to Turkish medicine. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2007;119(21–22):663–8. in German with an abstract in English.
Namal FA. Ein kurzer Blick in die Geschichte: Stellung und Verdienste der deutschen Wissenschaftler an der medizinischen Fakultat der Universitat Istanbul. 2011. www.metastudies.net/genalogy/WPO7/PO/_351B.PDF.
Honti J, Namal A. Efforts in 1947 to make Prof. Dr. Enestug de Baloch (1890–1964) work for the University of Istanbul. Orvostort Kozl. 2003;48:155–61. www.orvostortenelem.hu/2003_182_185_namal_honti_e.,pdf.
Namal FA. Ord. Prof. Dr. Phillip Schwartz’ın (1894–1977) İstanbul Üniversitesi’nde patoloji eğitimine katkıları (Prof. Dr. Phlipp Schwarz’s (1894–1977) contributions to the pathology education at the Medical Faculty of Istanbul University). Turk Patoloji Derg. 2003;19(1–2):1–6. in Turkish with an abstract in English.
Namal FA. Ord. Prof. Dr. Philipp Schwartz (1894–1977): 1933 Türk üniversite reformuna ve patoloji’ye katkılarıyla (Prof. Dr Philipp Schwartz’s contribution to the 1933 university reform in Turkey and to Turkish pathology). Nobel Med. 2016;12(2):87–90. in Turkish with an abstract in English.
Paksoy N. Oberndorfer, Siegfried (1876–1944). In: van den Tweel JG, editor. Pioneers in pathology. Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 407–13.
Paksoy N. Behçet, Hulusi (1889–1948). In: van den Tweel JG, editor. Pioneers in pathology. Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 61–6.
Modlin IM, Shapiro MD, Kidd M. Siegfried Oberndorfer: origins and perspectives of carcinoid tumors. Hum Pathol. 2004;35(12):1440–51.
Kloppel G, Dege K, Remmele W, Kapran Y, Tuzlalı S, Modlin IM. Oberrndorfer: a tribute to his work and life between Munich, Kiel, Geneva and Istanbul. Virchows Arch. 2007;451(Suppl 1):S3–S7.
Winkelmann O. “Schon aus Altersgründen ablehnen” der Pathologe Philipp Schwartz (1894–1977) und die Frankfurter Medizinische Fakultät. Hess Arztebl. 2005;12:862–3.
Schubert F. Posthume Rückkehr aus dem Exil. Frankfurter Rundschau, 26 November. 2014.
Kreft G. In memoriam Philipp Schwartz (1894–1977). Neuroforum. 2002;1:31–3.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Professor Dr. Gülten Dinç from the Department of Medical History of Istanbul-Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine who granted permission to use the references and the figures 1, 2, 5, 8 in the manuscript. I am also grateful to Professor Dr. Arın Namal from the Department of Medical History of Istanbul School of Medicine for providing the references and reviewing the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
N. Paksoy declares that he has no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Paksoy, N. Role of German-speaking scholars in the development of pathology in Turkey. Wien Med Wochenschr 170, 92–100 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-019-0686-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-019-0686-y