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Blutungsrisiko und perioperatives Vorgehen bei Patienten unter oraler Antikoagulation mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten

Bleeding risk and perioperative management of patients anticoagulated with vitamin K antagnosists

Summary

There is little consensus on the optimal perioperative management for most patients on oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists. Bridging therapy is not recommended for the majority of patients on oral anticoagulation as most are at low risk for perioperative stroke. Though most clinicians choose an aggressive perioperative strategy for patients with high thromboembolic risk (e.g., mechanical mitral valve replacement) by withholding warfarin perioperatively and the use of full-dose heparin, prophylactic dose heparin is given for lower risk cagegories (e.g., bileaflet aortic valve replacement and atrial fibrillation). The amount of increase in postoperative major bleeding when full-dose anticoagulation is administered soon after surgery is the factor in the decision with the least available data. The optimal method for returning the International Normalized Ratio (INR) to the desired range preoperatively depends upon its degree of initial elevation and whether or not clinically significant bleeding is present. Rapid reversal of excessive anticoagulation should be undertaken in patients with serious bleeding at any degree of anticoagulation. Vitamin K therapy is an effective treatment for INR prolongation in patients with vitamin K-associated coagulopathy; coagulation factor replacement is required, in addition, in patients with major bleeding or with an indication for immediate correction of their INR. Patients receiving prothrombin complex concentrate have a more rapid and more complete reversal of their anticoagulation as compared with fresh frozen plasma.

Zusammenfassung

Die perioperative Gerinnungstherapie bei Patienten unter oraler Lanzeitantikoagulation mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten wird unterschiedlich gehandhabt. Für die Mehrzahl der Patienten wird keine überbrückende Antikoagulation empfohlen, wenn das perioperative Thromboembolierisiko als gering eingestuft wird. Die meisten Kliniker entscheiden sich hingegen für eine aggressive perioperative Antikoagulationsstrategie, mit Unterbrechung der oralen Antikoagulation und Gabe von Heparin in therapeutischer Dosierung, wenn das Risiko für thromboembolische Komplikationen hoch ist, wie bei mechanischem Klappenersatz in Mitralposition. Heparin in prophylaktischer Dosis wird gegeben, wenn das Risiko geringer ist, wie bei mechanischem Klappenersatz in Aortenposition oder bei Vorhofflimmern. Verlässliche Angaben zur Höhe des Blutungsrisikos fehlen, wenn Antikoagulation in therapeutischer Dosis unmittelbar postoperativ wieder fortgeführt wird. Auf welche Weise die verlängerte International Normalized Ratio (INR) in den gewünschten präoperativen Bereich gesenkt werden soll, hängt von der Höhe des Ausgangswertes ab und von der Frage, ob eine klinisch relevante Blutung besteht. Eine rasche Aufhebung übermäßiger oraler Antikoagulation ist bei all jenen Patienten notwendig, die aktiv bluten. Alleinige Vitamin-K-Gabe kann die Koagulopathie bei INR-Verlängerung wirksam korrigieren. Eine zusätzliche therapeutische Verabreichung von Gerinnungsfaktoren ist immer dann notwendig, wenn eine Blutung besteht oder das Blutungsrisiko hoch ist. Die orale Antikoagulation kann am besten mit Prothrombin-Komplex-Konzentraten aufgehoben werden, und zwar rascher und kompletter als mit Frischplasmen. Sie werden daher in den Empfehlungen der Fachgesellschaften zunehmend bevorzugt.

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Correspondence to Christian J. Wiedermann.

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Angelo, M., Stockner, I. & Wiedermann, C. Blutungsrisiko und perioperatives Vorgehen bei Patienten unter oraler Antikoagulation mit Vitamin-K-Antagonisten. Wien Med Wochenschr 158, 615–620 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-008-0610-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-008-0610-3

Keywords

  • Anticoagulation
  • Coagulation factor concentrates
  • Coumarins
  • Vitamin K

Schlüsselwörter

  • Antikoagulation
  • Gerinnungsfaktor-Konzentrate
  • Vitamin-K-Antagonisten
  • Vitamin K