Skip to main content
Log in

Funktionelle gastrointestinale Störungen

Functional gastrointestinal disorders

  • Themenschwerpunkt
  • Published:
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

The functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) are the most frequent clinical conditions seen in practice. The FGID are associated with significant work absenteeism, impaired quality of life and increased medical costs. Most patients also suffer from psychosocial problems. Therefore it is important to define the patient's complaints in terms of a biopsychosocial disorder rather than just a medical illness. Physicians must acknowledge the relevance of the psychosocial aspects to prepare the patient for a referral to a specialist (in psychosomatic medicine or a psychotherapist) and to get the patient interested in the psychological factors involved as well as further explore their cause. Most of the research on psychotherapy in FGID to date has focused on the irritable bowel syndrome, and different methods of treatments have been studied (e. g., cognitive-behavioral therapy, dynamic psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and relaxation). Randomised controlled studies have shown that psychotherapy is superior to conventional medical therapy. Hypnotherapy seems to be very successful. Predictors of a positive response to psychological treatment generally are: (1) awareness that stress exacerbates their bowel symptoms, (2) mild anxiety or depression, (3) the predominant bowel symptom is abdominal pain or diarrhea and not constipation, (4) the abdominal pain waxes and wanes in response to eating, defecation, or stress rather than being constant pain, and (5) the symptoms are of relatively short duration. Psychotherapy is initially relatively expensive because it requires multiple, long sessions. However, its benefits persist or even increase over time, and in the long run, there may be a reduction in clinic visits and health care costs which offsets the initial cost of psychological treatment.

Zusammenfassung

Funktionelle gastrointestinale Störungen (FGIS) stellen die häufigsten Erkrankungen in den ärztlichen Ordinationen dar. Die FGIS sind mit häufiger Arbeitsunfähigkeit, Verminderung der Lebensqualität und hohen medizinischen Kosten verbunden. Die meisten Patienten leiden unter psychosozialen Problemen. Deshalb ist es wichtig, die Beschwerden der Betroffenen in Bezug auf ihre bio-psycho-soziale Situation zu beurteilen und ihr Zustandsbild nicht allein als biomedizinische Krankheit zu definieren. Betreuende Ärzte und Ärztinnen sollten die Relevanz der psychosozialen Aspekte erkennen, damit sie die Betroffenen für eine Überweisung zu Spezialisten (Psychosomatiker/innen, Psychotherapeut/inn/en) vorbereiten und dafür interessieren bzw. motivieren können, beteiligte psychologische Faktoren weiter explorieren zu lassen. Die meisten Forschungsergebnisse zu Psychotherapie bei FGIS fokussieren auf das Reizdarmsyndrom, wobei verschiedenen Therapiemethoden (z. B. Verhaltenstherapie, Psychodynamische Therapie, Hypnotherapie oder Entspannungstechniken) untersucht wurden. Randomisiert kontrollierte Psychotherapie- Studien mit Nachuntersuchung zeigen eine deutliche Überlegenheit der Psychotherapien gegenüber den konventionell medikamentösen Therapien. Enorm erfolgreich scheint die "gut-directed" Hypnose zu sein. Positives Ansprechen auf Psychotherapie allgemein ist wahrscheinlich, wenn: (1) Stress die Symptome verstärkt oder auslöst, (2) milde Angst und Depression vorhanden ist, (3) das vorherrschende Symptom Schmerz und Durchfall, und nicht Verstopfung ist, (4) der Schmerz sich mit Nahrungsaufnahme, Defäkation oder Stress verändert und nicht konstant vorhanden ist, und (5) das Beschwerdebild noch relativ kurz andauert. Psychotherapie ist zu Beginn relativ teuer, denn sie bedarf mehrerer längerer Sitzungen. Ihr Erfolg bleibt aber bestehen oder verstärkt sich langfristig sogar, da die Arztbesuche und medizinischen Kosten auf Dauer reduziert und dadurch die Kosten der Psychotherapie wieder eingebracht werden können.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literatur

  • Drossman DA (2000) The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome II process. In: Drossman DA, Corraziari E, Talley NJ, Thompson WG, Whitehead WE (eds) The functional gastrointestinal disorders (second edition). Degnon Assoc, McLean, VA, USA, pp 1–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E et al (1993) U. S. Householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders: Prevalence, Sociodemography and Health Impact. Dig Dis Sci 38: 1569–1580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talley NJ, Gabriel SE, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Evans RW (1995) Medical costs in community subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol 109: 1736–1741

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lydiard RB, Fossey MD, Marsh W, Ballenger JC (1993) Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosomatics 34: 229–234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drossman DA (1999) Psychosocial aspects of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 45 (Suppl 2): II25–II30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker EA, Katon WJ, Jemelka RP, Roy Bryne PP (1992) Comorbidity of gastrointestinal complaints, depression, and anxiety in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study. Am J Med 92: 26S–30S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drossman DA, Leserman J, Nachman G et al (1990) Sexual and physical abuse in women with functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Intern Med 113: 828–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delvaux M, Denis P, Allemand H, French Club of Digestive Motility (1997) Sexual and physical abuses are more frequently reported by IBS patients than by patients with organic digestive diseases or controls. Results of a multicenter inquiry. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 9: 345–352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leroi AM, Bernier C, Watier A et al (1995) Prevalence of sexual abuse among patients with functional disorders of the lower gastrointestinal tract. Int J Colorectal Dis 10: 200–206

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drossman DA, Li Z, Leserman J, Toomey TC, Hu Y (1996) Health status by gastrointestinal diagnosis and abuse history. Gastroenterol 110: 999–1007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P et al (1990) Tolerance for rectosigmoid distention in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol 98: 1187–1192

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gwee KA, Leong YL, Graham C et al (1999) The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction. Gut 44: 400–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almy TP (1951) Experimental studies on the irritable colon. Am J Med 10: 60–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Welgan P, Meshkinpour H, Hoehler F (1985) The effect of stress on colon motor and electrical activity in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom Med 47: 139–149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holtmann G, Enck P (1991) Stress and gastrointestinal motility in humans: a review of the literature. J Gastrointest Mot 3: 245

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman DHS, Munakata JA, Ennes H, Mandelkern MA, Hoh CK, Mayer EA (1997) Regional cerebral activity in normal and pathologic perception of visceral pain. Gastroenterol 112: 64–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engel GL (1977) The need for a new medical model: A challenge for biomedicine. Science 196: 129–136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owens DM, Nelson DK, Talley NJ (1995) The irritable bowel syndrome: Long term prognosis and the physicianpatient interaction. Ann Intern Med 122: 107–112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, Whitehead WE (2002) American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement and technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol 123: 2105–2131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JL, O'Malley PG, Tomkins G, Balden E, Santoro J, Kroenke K (2000) Treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders with anitdepressants: A meta-analysis. Am J Med 108: 65–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talley NJ, Owen BK, Boyce P, Paterson K (1996) Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a critique of controlled treatment trials. Am J Gastroenterol 91: 277–283

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Faragher EB (1984) Controlled trial of hypnotherapy in the treatment of severe refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Lancet 2: 1232–1233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whorwell PJ, Prior A, Colgan SM (1987) Hypnotherapy in severe irritable bowel syndrome: further experience. Gut 28: 423–425

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Häuser W (2003) Hypnose in der Gastroenterologie. Z Gastroenterol 41: 405–412

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beaugene L, Burger AJ, Cadranel JF et al (1991) Modulation of orocoecal transit time by hypnosis. Gut 32: 393–394

    Google Scholar 

  • Whorwell PJ, Houghton LA, Taylor EE et al (1992) Physiological effects of emotion: Assessment via hypnosis. Lancet 340: 69–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior A, Colgan SM, Whorwell PJ (1990) Changes in rectal sensitivity after hypnotherapy in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 31: 896–898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lea R, Houghton LA, Calvert EL, Larder S, Gonsalkorale WM, Whelan V, Randles J, Cooper P, Cruickshanks P, Miller V, Whorwell PJ (2003) Gut-focused hypnotherapy normalizes disordered rectal sensitivity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17: 635–642

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonsalkorale WM, Miller V, Afzal A, Whorwell PJ (2003) Long term benefits of hypnotherapy for irritable bowel sndrome. Gut 52: 1623–1629

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert EL, Houghton LA, Cooper P et al (2002) Long term improvement in functional dypepsia using hypnotherapy. Gastroenterol 123: 2132–2135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie E, Creed F, Dawson D, Tomenson B (1991) A controlled trial of psychological treatment for the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol 100: 450–457

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creed F, Fernandes L, Guthrie E, Palmer S, Ratcliffe J, Read N, Thompson RD, Tomenson B, North of England IBS Resaearch Group (2003) The cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy and paroxetine for severe irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol 124: 303–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gabriele Moser.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moser, G. Funktionelle gastrointestinale Störungen. Wien Med Wochenschr 156, 435–440 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0323-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-006-0323-4

Keywords

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation