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Rectal cancer: the impact of lymph node dissection and preoperative radiation in the era of total mesorectal excision

Rektumkarzinom: Bedeutung der Lymphknotendissektion und der präoperativen Bestrahlung im Zeitalter der totalen mesorektalen Exzision

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Zusammenfassung

GRUNDLAGEN: Die Frage der adäquaten Lymphadenektomie und der richtigen Anwendung einer präoperativen Radio(chemo)therapie im Zeitalter der totalen mesorektalen Exzision (TME) wird seit vielen Jahren ohne abschließendes Ergebnis diskutiert. METHODIK: Übersichtsarbeit auf der Grundlage einer selektiven Literaturübersicht. ERGEBNISSE: Lymphknotenmetastasen (pN) sowie der Lymphknotenquotient stellen etablierte Prognosefaktoren beim Rektumkarzinom dar, so dass der Lymphadenektomie in der Rektumchirurgie eine wichtige Bedeutung zugesprochen wird. Die Lymphadenektomie sollte neben der vollständigen Resektion des Primärtumors in Abhängigkeit der Tumorlokalisation die partielle oder totale Entfernung des Mesorektums beinhalten. Das Mesorektum beinhaltet das regionäre Lymphabflussgebiet und definiert über die mesorektale Hüllfaszie somit das Ausmaß der "zirkumferentiellen" Lymphadenektomie. Die aborale Lymphadenektomie sollte im proximalen Rektumdrittel bis 5 cm unterhalb des makroskopischen Tumorrandes reichen (PME), im mittleren und distalen Rektumdrittel das gesamte Mesorektum beinhalten (TME). Die orale Lymphadenektomie sollte zumindest entlang der A. mesenterica inferior bis distal des Abgangs der A. colica sinistra erfolgen. Eine Empfehlung zur routinemäßigen lateralen oder erweiterten Lymphadenektomie existiert nach Studienlage nicht. Bei der Behandlung des Rektumkarzinoms empfehlen die Fachgesellschaften im UICC-Stadium II und III eine neoadjuvante Radio(chemo)therapie. Verschiedene Multi-Center Studien haben zeigen können, dass durch die neoadjuvante Bestrahlung das Überleben der Patienten nicht verbessert werden kann. Stattdessen werden Nebenwirkungen in Kauf genommen, um bei wenigen Patienten ein Lokalrezidiv zu vermeiden. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Wünschenswert wäre daher eine verbesserte Selektion und Indikationsstellung zur neoadjuvanten Bestrahlung, da bei guter Chirurgie ein Großteil der bestrahlten Patienten diese nicht benötigen.

Summary

BACKGROUND: The question of adequate lymphadenectomy and application of preoperative radio(chemo)therapy in the era of total mesorectal excision (TME) in rectal cancer has been discussed in recent years without a definitive conclusion. METHODS: Review of the literature. RESULTS: Lymph node metastases (pN) and the lymph node ratio are established prognostic factors in rectal cancer. Therefore, lymphadenectomy has a major impact in rectal cancer surgery. Depending on the tumor location, lymphadenectomy should include the partial or complete removal of the mesorectum in addition to the complete resection of the tumor-bearing rectum segment. The mesorectum includes the regional lymphatic drainage; with the mesorectal fascia it defines the circumferential extent of lymphadenectomy. The aboral lymphadenectomy should reach 5 cm below the macroscopic tumor edge (PME) for tumors of the proximal rectal third, and the complete mesorectum (TME) in the middle and distal third. The oral lymphadenectomy should be performed along the inferior mesenteric artery at least until the branch of the left colic artery. According to the literature, no recommendation exists for routine lateral or extended lymphadenectomy. Official guidelines recommend preoperative radio(chemo)therapy for the treatment of UICC stages II and III rectal cancer in the era of total mesorectal excision. Several studies have shown, however, that preoperative radiation does not improve survival. Side effects were tolerated to prevent a local recurrence in some patients. CONCLUSIONS: Better selection for preoperative radiation is desirable, because in the era of TME and with experienced rectal cancer surgeons the majority of patients do not benefit from radiation therapy.

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Maak, M., Nitsche, U., Wert, L. et al. Rectal cancer: the impact of lymph node dissection and preoperative radiation in the era of total mesorectal excision. Eur Surg 42, 159–163 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-010-0552-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10353-010-0552-z

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