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Can vein-filling speleothems constrain the timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation? A case study from the Vinschgau (Italian Alps)

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Abstract

The steep, south facing slopes of the central Vinschgau (Val Venosta, South Tyrol, northern Italy) are characterized by deep-seated compound rockslides affecting 51 km2 and reaching beneath the Quaternary valley fill. Morphological features include double ridges, trenches, scarps, and counterscarps, whereby the extent of displacement rises from W to E. Near the toe of these slopes, abundant fractures are present whose orientation and spatial strongly suggest that they are related to the gravitational slope deformations. These fractures host carbonate speleothems which are associated with local tufa occurrences at the surface. Given that the metamorphic host rock is essentially carbonate-free, these carbonate deposits require extensive water-rock interactions to form. Modern springs along the toe of the slope are also mostly supersaturated with respect to calcite and locally also aragonite. The invariant chemical composition, very low tritium levels, and in particular the low oxygen isotope values indicate that this groundwater infiltrates at high elevation and is characterized by a long residence time. On the other hand, local infiltration in the lower reaches of the slope is very limited due to the semiarid climate and is incompatible with the measured groundwater stable isotope composition and the high degree of mineralization. We therefore propose a conceptual model which reconciles the deep-seated gravitational slope deformation with the occurrence of mineralized groundwater and associated carbonate precipitates in fractures near the toe of the slope. These deposits provide a means to place constraints on the timing of rock fracturing and hence the slope movements. U/Th dating of 34 samples from eight sites shows that speleothem deposition started 14.2 ka BP and occurred semi-continuously throughout the Holocene. Thus, gravitational displacements likely commenced with a lag of ~3–4 ka after the deglaciation of the valley, which is also consistent with the few available dates on the onset of other deep-seated slope deformations in the Alps.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge the careful reviews by the journal referees.

Funding

The research was funded by grants (17/40.3 and 16/40.3) from the Autonome Provinz Bozen-Südtirol to MO and CS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geology, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria

    Gabriella Koltai, Marc Ostermann & Christoph Spötl

  2. Geological Survey of Austria, Neulinggasse 38, 1030, Vienna, Austria

    Marc Ostermann

  3. Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, 710049, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China

    Hai Cheng

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  1. Gabriella Koltai
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Correspondence to Marc Ostermann.

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Koltai, G., Ostermann, M., Cheng, H. et al. Can vein-filling speleothems constrain the timing of deep-seated gravitational slope deformation? A case study from the Vinschgau (Italian Alps). Landslides 15, 2243–2254 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1032-y

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