Abstract
To evaluate the grain yield and quality of ten quinoa genotypes, four simultaneous field experiments were conducted in different regions (Karaj, Shahrekord, Urmia, and Kashmar) of semi-arid condition of Iran, based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2018 growing season. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in grain yield, oil content, and fatty acid composition. The results also showed that the superior genotype in Karaj in terms of grain yield was the Q26 genotype (716 kg ha−1), in Shahrekord the Q26 genotype (2196 kg ha−1), in Urmia the Q18 genotype (1614 kg ha−1), and in Kashmar the Titicaca genotype (829 kg ha−1). The highest 1000-grain weight (3.6 g) belonged to the Q31 genotype in Urmia. The lowest saponin content was observed in the Q12 genotype in Urmia. The protein content was not significantly different between the studied genotypes, but the highest and lowest levels (16.22 and 13.95 g kg−1, respectively) were observed in Q12 and Q29 genotypes, respectively. The evaluated genotypes were significantly different in terms of iron content (p ≤ 0.01) and calcium (p ≤ 0.05). The maximum and minimum oil content (3.68 and 2.52, respectively) was found in the Q18 and Red Carina genotypes, respectively. Considering both quantitative and qualitative traits, the Giza1 and Q26 genotypes were superior and could be recommended for cultivation in semi-arid regions of Iran.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
09 December 2022
Affiliation 2 has been switched.
References
Angeli V, Miguel Silva P, Massuela D, WaleedKhan M, Hamar A, Khajehei F, Graeff-Honninger S, Piatti C (2020) Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa): An overview of the potentials of the golden grain and socio-economic and environmental aspects of its cultivation and marketization. Foods 9(2):216. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020216
AOAC (2000) Official methods of analysis, 17th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gaithersburg
Askari A, Ardakani MR, Vazan S, Paknejad F, Hosseini Y (2018) The effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and seed priming on the amount of chlorophyll index and absorption of nutrients under drought stress in sesame plant under field conditions. Appl Ecol Environ Res 16:335–357. https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1601_335357
Askari A, Ardakani MR, Paknejad F, Hosseini Y (2019) Effects of mycorrhizal symbiosis and seed priming on yield and water use efficiency of sesame under drought stress condition. Sci Hortic. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108749
Assadi T, Bargahi A, Mohebbi GH, Barmak A, Nabipour I, Mohajeri Borazjani S, Kholdebarin B (2013) Determination of oil and fatty acids concentration in seeds of plant. Iran South Med J 16(1):9–16
Augustin JM, Drok S, Shinoda T, Sanmiya K, Nielsen JK, Khakimov B, Olsen CE, Hansen EH, Kuzina V, Ekstrøm CT (2012) UDP-glycosyltransferases from the UGT73C Subfamily in Barbarea vulgaris catalyse Sapogenin 3‑O-glucosylation in Saponin-mediated Insect resistance. Plant Physiol 160:1881–1895. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.112.202747
Bertero H (2003) Response of developmental processes to temperature and photoperiod in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Rev Int 19:87–97. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-120018870
Bhargava A, Sirvastava S (2013) Quinoa botany. Production and uses. CAB International, Oxfordshire https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780642260.0000
Bhargava A, Shukala S, Ohri D (2007) Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crop Res 101(1):104–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.10.001
Bilalis DJ, Roussis I, Kakabouki I, Folina A (2019) Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) crop under Mediterranean condition: a review. Cienc Investig Agrar 46(2):51–68. https://doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2151
Chu YC, Chang JC (2022) Heat stress leads to poor fruiting mainly due to inferior pollen viability and reduces shoot photosystem II efficiency in “Da Hong” Pitaya. Agronomy 12(1):225. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12010225
De Santis G, D’Ambrosio T, Rinaldi M, Rasico A (2016) Heritabilities of morphological and quality traits and interrelationships with yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes in the Mediterranean environment. J Cereal Sci 70:177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.06.003
Dini I, Tenore GC, Dini A (2005) Nutritional and antinutritional composition of Kancolla seeds: an interesting and underexploited andine food plant. Food Chem 92:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.07.008
Douglas HH, Flintham JE, Hills MJ (2004) Genetic control of storage oil synthesis in seeds of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 136:3341–3349. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.049486
Encina-Zelada C, Cadavez V, Pereda J, Gómez-Pando L, Salvá-Ruíz B, Teixeira JA (2017) Estimation of composition of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grains by near-infrared Transmission spectroscopy. LWT Food Sci Technol 79:126–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.01.026
Farhadi A, Paknejad F, Golzardi F, Ilkaee MN, Aghayari F (2022) Effects of limited irrigation and nitrogen rate on the herbage yield, water productivity, and nutritive value of sorghum silage. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 53(5):576–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2021.2017959
Filho AMM, Pirozi MR, Borges JTDS, Pinheiro Sant’Ana HM, Chaves JBP, Coimbra JSDR (2017) Quinoa: Nutritional, functional, and anti-nutritional aspects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(8):1618–1630. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.1001811
Garcia M, Condori B, Castillo CD (2015) Agroecological and agronomic cultural practices of uinoa in South America. In: Murphy K, Matanguihan J (eds) Quinoa: improvement and sustainable production. John. Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp 25–46 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118628041.ch3
Geerts S, Raes D, Garcia M, Vacher J, Mamani R, Mendoza J, Huanca R, Morales B, Miranda R, Cusicanqui J (2008) Introducing deficit irrigation to stabilize yields of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Eur J Agron 28(3):427–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.008
Gómez-Caravaca AM, Iafelice G, Lavini A, Pulvento C, Caboni MF, Marconi E (2012) Phenolic compounds and saponins in quinoa samples (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) grown under different saline and nonsaline irrigation regimens. J Agric Food Chem 60(18):4620–4627. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3002125
Gonzalez JA, Konishi Y, Bruno M, Valoy M, Prado FE (2012) Interrelationships among seed yield, total protein, and amino acid composition of ten quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) cultivars from two different agroecological regions. J Sci Food Agric 92(6):1222–1229. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4686
Graf BL, Rojas-Silva P, Rojo LE, Delatorre-Herrera J, Baldeón ME, Raskin I (2015) Innovations in health value and functional food development of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 14(4):431–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12135
Hinojosa L, Matanguihan JB, Murphy KM (2019) Effect of high temperature on pollen morphology, plant growth and seed yield in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). J Agro Crop Sci 205:33–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12302
Hirich A, Choukr Allah R, Jacobsen SE (2014) Quinoa in Morocco—Effect of sowing dates on development and yield. J Agron Crop Sci 200:371–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12071
Jahanzad E, Jorat M, Moghadam H, Sadeghpour A, Chaichi MR, Dashtaki M (2013) Response of a new and a commonly grown forage sorghum cultivar to limited irrigation and planting density. Agric Water Manag 117:62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.11.001
Jancurova M, Minarovicova L, Dandar A (2009) Quinoa—a review. Czech J Food Sci 27(2):71–79. https://doi.org/10.17221/32/2008-cjfs
Kozioł M (1992) Chemical composition and nutritional evaluation of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). J Food Comp Anal 5:35–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-1575(92)90006-6
Lesjak J, Calderini DF (2017) Increased night temperature negatively affects grain yield, biomass, and grain number in Chilean quinoa. Front Plant Sci 8:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00352
Maliro MFA, Njala AL (2019) Agronomic performance and strategies of promoting Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) in Malawi. Cienc Investig Agrar 46(2):88–92. https://doi.org/10.7764/rcia.v46i2.2143
Mastebroek HD, Limburg H, Gilles T, Marvin HJP (2000) Occurrence of sapogenins in leaves and seeds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. J Sci Food Agric 80:152–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000101)80:1%3C152::AID-JSFA503%3E3.0.CO;2-P
Matiacevich SB, Castellión ML, Maldonado SB, Buera MP (2006) Water-dependent thermal transitions in quinoa embryos. Thermochim Acta 448(2):117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2006.06.016
Miranda M, Vega-Gálvez A, Martinez E, López J, Rodríguez MJ, Henríquez K, Fuentes F (2012) Genetic diversity and comparison of physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of six quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes cultivated in Chile. Food Sci Technol 32(4):835–843. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612012005000114
Mora-Ocación MS, Morillo-Coronado AC, Manjarres-Hernández EH (2022) Extraction and quantification of saponins in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) genotypes from Colombia. Int J Food Sci 2022:7287487. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7287487
Morrison MJ, Stewart DW (2002) Heat stress during flowering in summer Brassica. Crop Sci 42(3):797–803. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.7970
Nowak V, Du J, Charrondière R (2016) Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Food Chem 193:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.111
Parwada C, Mandumbu R, Tibugari H, Badze D, Mhungu S (2020) Effect of soil fertility amendment, planting density and growing season on Chenopodium quinoa Willd (Quinoa) in Zimbabwe. Cogent Food Agric 6(1):1792668. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2020.1792668
Pellegrini M, Lucas-Gonzales R, Ricci A, Fontecha J, Fernández-López J, Pérez-Álvarez JA (2018) Chemical, fatty acid, polyphenolic profile, techno-functional and antioxidant properties of flours obtained from quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) seeds. Ind Crops Prod 111:38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.10.006
Prager A, Munz S, Nkebiwe PM, Mast B, Graeff-Hönninger S (2018) Yield and quality characteristics of different Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars grown under field conditions in southwestern Germany. Agronomy 8(10):197. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100197
Reguera M, Conesa CM, Gil-Gomez A, Haros CM, Pérez-Casas MA, Briones-Labarca V, Bolaños L, Bonilla I, Álvarez R, Pinto K (2018) The impact of different agroecological conditions on the nutritional composition of quinoa seeds. Peer J 6(2):e4442. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4442
Ruiz KB, Khakimov B, Engelsen SB, Bak S, Biondi S, Jacobsen SE (2017) Quinoa seed coats as an expanding and sustainable source of bioactive compounds: An investigation of genotypic diversity in saponin profiles. Ind Crops Prod 104:156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.04.007
Shabani G, Ardakani MR, Chaichi MR, Friedel JK, Khavazi K (2015) Effect of different fertilizing treatments on nutrient uptake in annual medic (Medicago scutellata cv. robinson) under irrigated and dry farming systems. J Agric Sci Tech 17:299–310
Stikic R, Glamoclija D, Demin M, Vucelic-Radovic B, Jovanovic Z, Milojkovic-Opsenica D, Jacobsen SE, Milovanovic M (2012) Agronomical and nutritional evaluation of quinoa seeds (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as an ingredient in bread formulations. J Cereal Sci 55:132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2011.10.010
Taaime N, El-Mejahed K, Moussafir M, Bouabid R, Oukarroum A, Choukr-Allah R, El Gharous M (2022) Early sowing of quinoa cultivars, benefits from rainy season and enhances quinoa development, growth, and yield under arid condition in Morocco. Sustainability 14(7):4010. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074010
Vega-Gálvez A, Miranda M, Vergara J, Uribe E, Puente L, Martínez EA (2010) Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). An ancient Andean grain: a review. J Sci Food Agric 90(15):2541–2547. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4158
Williams LJ, Abdi H (2010) Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) test. In: Salkind N (ed) Encyclopedia of research design. SAGE, Thousand Oaks
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge all technicians who actively supported the field and lab works in all studied provinces of this experiment.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
M. Etaati collected the data (field and lab works), data analysis, writing the article. M. R. Ardakani performed the research concept and design, field works, writing the article, critical revision of the article, final approval of article. M. Bagheri contributed in research concept and design, statistical analysis, writing the article. F. Paknejad & F. Golzardi contributed in research concept and design, lab works.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
M. Etaati, M. R. Ardakani, M. Bagheri, F. Paknejad and F. Golzardi declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Data availability statement
All data is provided in full in the results section of this manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Etaati, M., Ardakani, M.R., Bagheri, M. et al. Grain Yield, Nutritional Value and Fatty Acids Profile of Quinoa (Chenopodium Quinoa Willd.) Genotypes in Semi-arid Climatic Condition. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 993–1002 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00772-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00772-6