Abstract
Solanum nigrum L. is a malignant weed in cotton fields and an important factor affecting cotton yield. However, the relationship between S. nigrum density and cotton yield losses remains unclear. This study examined the effects of different S. nigrum densities (0 (control group), 1, 4, 7, 10, and 15 plants/m2) on the agronomic traits, physiological indexes and yield traits of cotton. The results were then used to establish a mathematical model of the relationship between S. nigrum density and the rate of cotton yield loss. Density significantly affected plant height, stem diameter, the number of main stem nodes, and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and soluble sugar in the cotton leaves at seedling, budding, and flowering and boll stages. A significant effect on the soluble protein content was also observed at the seedling stage. Moreover, S. nigrum significantly reduced the boll number and subsequent yield, with losses of 100% at a density of 15 plants/m2. In contrast, no significant effects on the single boll weight or fiber length and fiber uniformity were observed. The resulting mathematical model of S. nigrum density (x) and the rate of cotton yield loss (y) conformed to the logarithmic function y = 12.594lnx + 58.025. Meanwhile, the economic threshold of manual weeding and application of 96% S‑metolachlor EC were then calculated as 160 and 170 plants/hm2, respectively. These findings suggest that density is the key factor affecting S. nigrum damage in cotton fields, highlighting the importance of early management and control.
Zusammenfassung
Solanum nigrum L. ist ein schädliches Unkraut auf Baumwollfeldern und ein wichtiger Faktor für den Baumwollertrag. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Dichte von S. nigrum und den Ertragseinbußen bei Baumwolle bleibt jedoch unklar. In dieser Studie wurden die Auswirkungen verschiedener S. nigrum-Dichten (0 (Kontrollgruppe), 1, 4, 7, 10 und 15 Pflanzen/m2) auf die agronomischen Merkmale, physiologischen Indizes und Ertragsmerkmale von Baumwolle untersucht. Anhand der Ergebnisse wurde ein mathematisches Modell für die Beziehung zwischen der Dichte von S. nigrum und dem Grad des Ertragsverlusts bei Baumwolle erstellt. Die Dichte wirkte sich signifikant auf die Pflanzenhöhe, den Stängeldurchmesser, die Anzahl der Hauptstängelknoten und den Gehalt an Stickstoff, Phosphor, Kalium und löslichem Zucker in den Baumwollblättern im Keimlings‑, Knospen‑, Blüte- und Samenkapselstadium aus. Im Keimlingsstadium wurde auch ein signifikanter Einfluss auf den Gehalt an löslichem Protein festgestellt. Darüber hinaus verringerte S. nigrum die Anzahl der Samenkapseln und den anschließenden Ertrag erheblich, mit Verlusten von 100 % bei einer Dichte von 15 Pflanzen/m2. Im Gegensatz dazu wurden keine signifikanten Auswirkungen auf das Gewicht der einzelnen Samenkapsel oder die Faserlänge und die Gleichmäßigkeit der Fasern festgestellt. Das sich daraus ergebende mathematische Modell der S. nigrum-Dichte (x) und der Rate der Baumwollertragsverluste (y) entsprach der logarithmischen Funktion y = 12,594lnx + 58,025. Der wirtschaftliche Schwellenwert für die manuelle Unkrautbekämpfung und die Anwendung von 96 % S‑Metolachlor EC wurde mit 160 bzw. 170 Pflanzen/hm2 berechnet. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Dichte der Schlüsselfaktor für die Schädigung von S. nigrum in Baumwollfeldern ist, was die Bedeutung einer frühzeitigen Bewirtschaftung und Bekämpfung unterstreicht.
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Acknowledgements
This study forms part of a project entitled, “Evaluation of the stress and economic loss for cotton in mechanically harvested cotton field”, supported by Xinjiang Corps Major Science and Technology Project (Grant no. 2018AA06-02).
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Quancheng Zhang wrote the manuscript; Jungang Wang designed the study; Rui Han conducted the experiments; Jianrong Shao and Rui Han analyzed the date. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Q. Zhang, J. Shao, R. Han and J. Wang declare that they have no competing interests.
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Q. Zhang and J. Shao are co-first authors.
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Zhang, Q., Shao, J., Han, R. et al. Effects of Solanum nigrum L. Density On Agronomic and Yield Traits, Physiological Indexes, and the Economic Threshold of Mechanically-harvested Cotton. Gesunde Pflanzen 74, 879–888 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00665-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00665-8
Keywords
- Cotton
- Solanum nigrum L.
- Density
- Agronomic traits
- Physiological indicators
- Yield traits
- Economic threshold