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Increasing Farm Productivity and Soil Fertility on Sustainable Basis Through “Summer Gap” Utilization with Biochar and Legumes

Nachhaltige Steigerung von Produktivität und Bodenfruchtbarkeit in der Landwirtschaft durch Nutzung von Biokohle und Leguminosen im „Sommerloch“

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Abstract

To reduce reliance on scientific fertilizer due to rapid increase of fertilizer prices and environmental constraint, it necessary to improve crop productivity and soil fertility on sustainable basses. Utilization of “summer gap” through biochar and legumes have pleasant effects on improving crop productivity and soil fertility on long term basses. Two years’ field experiments were conducted on wheat and maize crops with “summer gap” utilization with legumes and biochar at research farm of agronomy, the University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2011–2013. Wheat-maize-wheat cropping system was followed with the adjustment of legumes in “summer gap” (land available after wheat harvest till maize sowing). Legumes i. e. mung bean, cowpea and Sesbania with a fallow were adjusted in the “summer gap” with and without biochar application. Biochar was included at the rate of 0 and 50 t ha-1 with four N levels of 0, 90, 120, 150 and 0, 60, 90, 120 kg ha-1 to subsequent maize and wheat crops, respectively. In legumes’ experiment, biochar increased fresh and dry fodder yield in cowpea and Sesbania, grain and biological yields in mung bean. In maize experiments, biochar improved grain yield. Nitrogen application increased grain and biological yields. In wheat experiments with increasing nitrogen level enhanced biological and grain yields. It is concluded that use of biochar and legumes in “summer gap” improve overall farm productivity and soil fertility on sustainable basses.

Zusammenfassung

Um die Abhängigkeit von chemischen Düngern mit deren rapide steigenden Preisen und umweltbedingten Einschränkungen zu reduzieren, müssen nachhaltige Verfahren eingesetzt werden, um die Produktivität der Kulturen und die Bodenfruchtbarkeit zu steigern. Der Einsatz von Biokohle und Leguminosen im „Sommerloch“ führte zu einer langfristigen Verbesserung der Produktivität der Kulturen und der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. Im Versuchsbetrieb für Agronomie der Landwirtschaftsuniversität Peshawar wurde von 2011–2013 ein zweijähriger Feldversuch mit Weizen- und Maiskulturen durchgeführt, bei denen während des „Sommerlochs“ Leguminosen und Biokohle eingesetzt wurden. Ein Weizen-Mais-Weizen-Anbausystem wurde während des „Sommerlochs“ mit Leguminosen ergänzt (auf Parzellen, die nach der Weizenernte bis zur Maisaussaat verfügbar waren). Im „Sommerloch“ wurden Leguminosen, und zwar Mungobohnen, Schwarzaugenbohnen und Sesbania, angebaut, daneben gab es Brachflächen, und alle Flächen wurden teils mit, teils ohne Biokohle bewirtschaftet. Biokohle wurde in Gaben von 0 und 50 t ha-1, dazu Stickstoffgaben in vier Konzentrationsstärken von einerseits 0, 90, 120, 150 bzw. andererseits 0, 60, 90, 120 kg ha-1 für die jeweilig folgenden Mais- bzw. Weizenkulturen ausgebracht. Im Leguminosenversuch erhöhte die Verwendung von Biokohle den Ertrag an Frisch- und Trockenfutter bei Schwarzaugenbohnen und Sesbania, den Korn- und biologischen Ertrag bei Mungobohnen. In den Maisversuchen verbesserte Biokohle den Kornertrag. Stickstoffgaben erhöhten Korn- und biologischen Ertrag. In den Weizenversuchen führte eine höhere Stickstoffkonzentration zu besserem biologischem und Kornertrag. Daraus lässt sich schließen, dass der Einsatz von Biokohle und Leguminosen während des „Sommerlochs“ die Produktivität und Bodenfruchtbarkeit des landwirtschaftlichen Betriebs insgesamt verbessern.

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Acknowledgements

I am indeed thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Arif, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, KPK Peshawar for his moral and technical support in this research study.

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Correspondence to Fazal Jalal.

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F. Jalal, M. Arif, I. Ahmad and W. Murad declare that they have no competing interests.

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Jalal, F., Arif, M., Ahmad, I. et al. Increasing Farm Productivity and Soil Fertility on Sustainable Basis Through “Summer Gap” Utilization with Biochar and Legumes. Gesunde Pflanzen 70, 45–53 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-017-0412-x

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