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Inhibitory Influence of Organic and Inorganic Sodium Salts and Synthetic Fungicides Against Bean Root Rot Pathogens

Inhibitorische Wirkung organischer und anorganischer Natriumsalze und synthetischer Fungizide gegen Wurzelfäuleerreger bei Bohnen

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Abstract

The efficacy of 20 organic and inorganic sodium salts, and two synthetic fungicides against eight bean root rot pathogens—Fusarium equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani AG4–HG I, Macrophomina phaseolina and Sclerotium rolfsii—were evaluated in this study. Accordingly to preliminary in vitro tests, only captan, benzoate and metabisulfite (2 %) were able to completely inhibit mycelial growth of all eight fungi. Moreover, no significant differences were observed among the inhibitory effect of these three compounds and EDTA (P ≤ 0.05). With few exceptions, the ED50 values indicated captan to have a greater effect against fungi than benzoate, EDTA and metabisulfite. However, captan, benzoate and EDTA all had MIC values that varied greatly from that of metabisulfite. Whereas captan, benzoate and EDTA showed fungitoxic activity against all fungi tested at concentrations greater than 0.1 %, metabisulfite showed fungitoxic activity against all fungi tested at concentrations of 0.025–0.25 %. Soil bioassays showed 0.25 % metabisulfite to completely inhibit mycelial growth of F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, R. solani AG–4 HG I, M. phaseolina and S. rolfsii, but not F. equiseti, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli and F. verticillioides. Higher concentrations of captan and benzoate were required to achieve total inhibition in soil bioassays when compared to metabisulfite, whereas EDTA was not able to completely inhibit growth of any of the fungi tested, even at the highest concentration. Moreover, the application of 1.0–2.0 % EDTA was found to be phytotoxic to bean seeds in terms of both seed germination and root elongation, whereas 0.1–0.75 % captan, 0.1–0.75 % benzoate and 0.1 % metabisulfite did not exhibit any phytotoxicity in terms of germination; 0.5 % captan, 0.1 % benzoate and 0.1 % metabisulfite did, however, have a negative effect on root elongation.

The results of pH studies also demonstrated all eight fungi tested to be capable of growth in both acidic and basic environments, although the growth of some species was inhibited at the lowest value tested (pH 2), and the growth of all species was totally inhibited at the highest value tested (pH 12).

Zusammenfassung

Die Wirksamkeit von 20 organischen und anorganischen Natriumsalzen und zwei synthetischen Fungiziden gegen acht Wurzelfäuleerreger bei Bohnen – Fusarium equiseti, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli, F. verticillioides, Rhizoctonia solani AG4–HG I, Macrophomina phaseolina und Sclerotium rolfsii – wurde in dieser Studie beurteilt. Vorläufigen In-vitro-Tests zufolge konnten nur Captan, Benzoat und Metabisulfit (2 %) das Myzelwachstum aller acht Pilze vollständig hemmen. Außerdem wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der hemmenden Wirkung dieser drei Verbindungen und von EDTA festgestellt (P ≤ 0,05). Mit wenigen Ausnahmen deuteten die ED50-Werte darauf hin, dass Captan eine stärkere Wirkung gegen Pilze hat als Benzoat, EDTA und Metabisulfit. Captan, Benzoat und EDTA wichen aber stark in ihren MHK-Werten von Metabisulfit ab. Während Captan, Benzoat und EDTA bei Konzentrationen über 0,1 % eine fungitoxische Wirkung gegen alle getesteten Pilze zeigten, zeigte Metabisulfit bei Konzentrationen zwischen 0,025 und 0,25 % eine fungitoxische Wirkung gegen alle getesteten Pilze. Boden-Bioassays ergaben, dass 0,25 % Metabisulfit das Myzelwachstum von F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, R. solani AG–4 HG I, M. phaseolina und S. rolfsii vollständig hemmt, nicht aber das von F. equiseti, F. solani f. sp. phaseoli und F. verticillioides. Höhere Konzentrationen als bei Metabisulfit waren von Captan und Benzoat erforderlich, um in Boden-Bioassays eine vollständige Hemmung zu erreichen, wohingegen EDTA das Wachstum keines der getesteten Pilze vollständig hemmen konnte, auch nicht in der höchsten Konzentration. Außerdem wurde der Einsatz von 0,1–2,0 % EDTA als phytotoxische für Bohnensaat erkannt, was die Saatkeimung und das Längenwachstum der Wurzeln betrifft, wohingegen 0,1 − 0,75 % Captan, 0,1 − 0,75 % Benzoat und 0,1 % Metabisulfit keine phytotoxische Wirkung auf die Keimung aufwiesen. 0,5 % Captan, 0,1 % Benzoat und 0,1 % Metabisulfit hatten allerdings negative Auswirkungen auf das Längenwachstum der Wurzeln.

Die Ergebnisse von pH-Studien zeigten auch, dass alle acht getesteten Pilze sowohl in saurem als auch in basischem Milieu wachsen können, obwohl das Wachstum mancher Spezies beim geringsten getesteten pH-Wert (2) und das Wachstum aller Spezies beim höchsten getesteten pH-Wert (12) gehemmt wurde.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Prof. Dr. Gürsel Karaca, Plant Protection Department, Agriculture Faculty, Süleyman Demirel University, for her careful proofreading, and Dr. Melike Çebi Kılıçoğlu for Rhizoctonia solani AG–4 HG I isolate.

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  1. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Ordu University, 52200, Ordu, Turkey

    Muharrem Türkkan

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55270, Samsun, Turkey

    İsmail Erper

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  1. Muharrem Türkkan
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  2. İsmail Erper
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Correspondence to Muharrem Türkkan.

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Türkkan, M., Erper, İ. Inhibitory Influence of Organic and Inorganic Sodium Salts and Synthetic Fungicides Against Bean Root Rot Pathogens. Gesunde Pflanzen 67, 83–94 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-015-0339-z

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