Zusammenfassung
In Gebirgen wurden bisher im Gegensatz zu Flachlandökosystemen nur wenige Neophyten beobachtet und nur selten gravierende Veränderungen durch invasive Arten dokumentiert. Seit 2005 untersucht das Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN, www.miren.ethz.ch) das Risiko von Pflanzeninvasionen in Gebirgen und erarbeitet präventive Management-Maßnahmen. Eine von MIREN erstellte Datenbank von nicht-einheimischen und invasiven Pflanzenarten in Gebirgen weltweit umfasst im Moment etwa 1500 Arten. Als problematisch in Gebirgen eingestuft werden zurzeit insbesondere Gehölzpflanzen und Arten, welche als Zierpflanzen eingeführt wurden und an ein Bergklima vorangepasst sind.
Es ist zu erwarten, dass Pflanzeninvasionen in Gebirgen in naher Zukunft stark zunehmen werden. Klimawandel wird invasiven Pflanzen aus dem Tiefland ermöglichen, sich auch in Gebirgen zu etablieren. Durch die Veränderung der Landnutzung in Gebirgen von Weidewirtschaft hin zu mehr Tourismus kann eine Veränderung nicht-einheimischer Floren erwartet werden und damit ein erhöhtes Invasionsrisiko. Auch zunehmende anthropogene Nutzung und Störung von höheren Gebirgslagen können das Invasionsrisiko erhöhen.
Gebirge, insbesondere die europäischen Alpen, sind bislang von Pflanzeninvasionen noch nicht gravierend betroffen. Dadurch ergibt sich die einmalige Möglichkeit, rechtzeitig auf eine zukünftige Bedrohung zu reagieren. Prävention im Sinne des Vorsorgeprinzips ist die effektivste und kostengünstigste Möglichkeit. Dazu müssen potentiell invasive Arten identifiziert und ihr Transport reglementiert werden. Mit dem Klimawandel werden sich in Zukunft auch vermehrt einheimische Tieflandpflanzen in Gebirge ausbreiten. Es bedarf daher einer breiteren Diskussion zur Bewertung und dem Management von Florenveränderungen in Gebirgen. Neben Pflanzen werden sich in Zukunft auch andere Organismengruppen verstärkt in höhere Lagen ausbreiten, zum Beispiel Schädlinge von Tieren und Pflanzen.
Abstract
Mountains are currently less affected by plant invasions than lowland ecosystems. Since 2005 the Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN, www.miren.ethz.ch) investigates the risk of plant invasions into mountains and develops preventive management strategies. A database of non-native and invasive plant species in mountains worldwide includes currently some 1500 species. Particularly problematic are woody species and ornamental plants that are often pre-adapted to a mountain climate. The risk of plant invasions in mountains is expected to increase in the near future. Climate change will enable the upward movement of lowland invaders into mountain ecosystems. Increased anthropogenic land use and disturbances and a shift of land use from grazing systems to tourism, which will lead to the introduction of new non-native plants, may further increase invasion risks.
Mountains, and in particular the European Alps, are among the very few ecoregions in the world not yet badly affected by plant invasions. Managers have the unique opportunity to respond in time to an emerging threat. Preventive measures are the most effective and cost-efficient management option. Regulation of the transport of potentially invasive plant species should be a management priority. With climate change the upward movement of native lowland plants may also become a conservation concern. A broad discussion of the valuation and management of the change of mountain floras is needed. Besides plants other groups of organisms such as animal and plant pests may increasingly become a problem in mountains.
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Danksagung
Diese Synthese beruht auf den Arbeiten und Diskussionen des MIREN-Konsortiums (http://www.miren.ethz.ch/people/index.html). Das Manuskript hat von Kommentaren von Jake Alexander und Sylvia Haider profitiert.
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Kueffer, C. Neophyten in Gebirgen – Wissensstand und Handlungsbedarf. Gesunde Pflanzen 63, 63–68 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-011-0248-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-011-0248-8