Abstract
With rising concern about current irrigation and fertilizer NPK management, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of sources and methods of fertilizer application on nutrient distribution, uptake, recovery and fruit yield of tomato grown in a sandy soil. Equal amounts of NPK were applied in solid form or through fertigation at levels of 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% with the remainder 100%, 50% and 25% applied as solid fertilizers to the soil. Available NO3 −-N and K were confined to the root zone of tomato in 75% and 100% NPK fertigation levels, while they moved beyond the root zone when they applied in two equal splits as solid fertilizers with drip (0% fertigation) and furrow irrigation. The mobility of P was greater in the root zone following its application through fertigation compared to a solid application as super phosphate. Drip irrigation showed significantly higher absolute growth rate (AGR), total dry weight (TDW) and leaf area index (LAI) of tomato over furrow irrigation. Moreover, tomato plants were able to utilize applied nutrients more efficiently in fertigation system than with conventional solid fertilizer application. Highest AGR, TDW and LAI were recorded when nutrients were applied to 100% by drip fertigation. The fruit yield of tomato was higher with drip irrigation (58.62 t ha−1) than with furrow irrigation, (47.37 t ha−1). Maximum fruit yield was recorded with 100% NPK fertigation (74.87 t ha−1) and was associated with a higher number of fruits per plant and a bigger fruit size than the solid applied fertilizers under both drip and furrow irrigation. On average, tomato accumulated more NPK across the fertigation levels than with drip and furrow irrigation. Similarly, the more controlled application of nutrients in fertigation treatments improved NPK recovery and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE) and resulted in lesser leaching of NO3 −-N and K to deeper soil layers.
Zusammenfassung
Die Bedeutung des Bewässerungsmanagements und der NPK-Düngüng steigt stetig an. In einer Studie wurde die Wirkung der Düngerformen und der Anwendungsmethoden auf Nährstoff- Verteilung, -Aufnahme, und -Verwertung untersucht. Weiterhin wurde der Ertrag von Tomaten, die auf sandigem Boden angebaut wurden, untersucht.
Es wurden gleiche Mengen an NPK-Düngemittel ausgebracht (Fertigation* in Stufen von 0%, 50%, 75% und 100% und der Rest von 100%, 50%, 25% und 0% als feste Form). Verfügbares NO3 −-N und K wurde in der Wurzelzone von Tomaten bei einer Fertigationsstufe von 75% und 100% NPK gefunden, während bei einer Anwendung mit festem Düngemittel (0% Fertigation) und Furchenbewässerung sich NO3 −-N und K über die Wurzelzone hinaus bewegten.
Die Mobilität von P war größer bei einer Ausbringung durch Bewässerungsdüngung als bei einer Anwendung als Super-Phosphat. Tomaten der Tropfenbewässerung zeigten eine signifikant höhere absolute Wachstumsrate (AWR), Trockenmasse (TM) und einen signifikant höheren Blattflächenindex (LAI) gegenüber der Furchenbewässerung. Darüber hinaus waren die Tomatenpflanzen in der Lage bei der Bewässerungsdüngung die angewandten Nährstoffe effizienter zu nutzen, als bei der Düngung in herkömmlicher fester Form. Die höchsten AWR, TM und LAI wurden erfasst, wenn die Nährstoffe zu 100% in Form der Bewässerungsdüngung angewendet wurden. Der Ertrag der Tomaten war höher bei der Tropfenbewässerung (58,62 t ha−1), als bei der Furchenbewässerung (47,37 t ha−1). Die maximalen Erträge wurden mit 74,87 t ha−1 bei 100% NPK Fertigation erfasst und wurden mit einer höheren Anzahl der Früchte pro Pflanze begleitet. Zudem waren die Früchte der Tomaten größer, als bei der Anwendung fester Düngemittel (sowohl bei der Tropfenbewässerung, als auch bei der Furchenbewässerung). Im Durchschnitt, akkumulierten die Tomaten mehr NPK über die Fertigationstufen als bei den Bewässerungssystemen (Tropfen und Furche). Ähnlich verliefen auch die NPK-Verwertung und die Düngernutzungseffizienz: mit einer geringen Auswaschung von NO3 −-N und K in tiefen Bodenschichten.
Fertigation“ bzw. „Bewässerungsdüngung“ ist die Einspeisung der Dünger via Tropfenbewässerungssystem zu verstehen.
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Badr, M., Abou Hussein, S., El-Tohamy, W. et al. Nutrient uptake and yield of tomato under various methods of fertilizer application and levels of fertigation in arid lands. Gesunde Pflanzen 62, 11–19 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-010-0219-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-010-0219-5