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Morphological, Phenological, and Pomological Diversity Among 130 Seed-Propagated Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Trees and Apomixis Study in Some Selected Genotypes

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Abstract

About 130 seed-propagated walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) grown in the same location were evaluated for 2 years based on 37 quantitative and qualitative traits. The late-leafing trait ranged between 1 April and 14 April (13–27 days after Payne). The first female and male flowering dates ranged from 8 April to 5 May and from 7 to 29 April, respectively. The protandrous, protogynous, and homogamous percentages were 46.72%, 35.24%, and 18.03%, respectively. The harvest time changed from 7 September to 27 September. The bearing type rates were 3.5% for lateral, 13.4% for terminal, and 83.1% for both. The severity of blight and anthracnose disease varied from very low to very severe. The annual growth varied from 3.9 cm to 45.7 cm, while the leaf area ranged from 24.3 cm2 to 48.01 cm2. All types of tree growth habit were observed among the studied genotypes, with the spreading type predominating. The ranges of the fruit attributes were 1.4 mm –5.7 mm for husk thickness, 0.7 mm –2.3 mm for shell thickness, 25.4 mm –41.5 mm for nut length, 25.7 mm –38.5 mm for nut width, 7.27 g –17.73 g for nut weight, 3.68 g –9.49 g for kernel weight, 45.48%–63.86% for kernel percentage, and extra light to amber for kernel color. The highest recorded apomixis rate of the 30 genotypes was 25.55%, whereas this rate was low or even zero in some genotypes. In conclusion, the high diversity found in the studied germplasm resulted in the selection of some superior genotypes that can be considered promising plant materials for future walnut breeding programs.

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Acknowledgements

We greatly appreciate the Iran National Science Foundation and the Center of Excellence for Temperate Fruit Trees for funding this research.

Funding

This study was supported by the Iran National Science Foundation and the Center of Excellence for Temperate Fruit Trees.

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  1. Department of Horticultural Sciences, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran

    Adnan Sallom, Reza Fatahi & Zabihollah Zamani

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  1. Adnan Sallom
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Experiments, methodology, data curation, data analysis, writing of original draft, and writing review and editing were performed by Adnan Sallom. Design and experiments, supervision, investigation, data analysis, and writing review and editing were performed by Dr. Reza Fatahi, and Dr. Zabihollah Zamani. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Reza Fatahi.

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A. Sallom, R. Fatahi, and Z. Zamani declare that they have no competing interests.

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Sallom, A., Fatahi, R. & Zamani, Z. Morphological, Phenological, and Pomological Diversity Among 130 Seed-Propagated Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Trees and Apomixis Study in Some Selected Genotypes. Erwerbs-Obstbau 65, 101–113 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-022-00695-6

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