Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species richness merits studies towards making rational decisions for effective management of Caribfly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in southern Florida. Competition for Caribfly and efficacies of EPN biodiversity were examined under laboratory conditions. Similar EPN species treatments to Caribfly-infested fruits, periodically obtained from the ground in groves which were also infested by the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead (Braconidae), were studied in a series of field trials. Treatments with individual EPN species and their mixtures caused similar mortalities of Caribfly larvae, though the various EPN species competed for larvae in multiple-species treatments. Laboratory trials showed that mortalities of EPN-treated Caribfly pupae were mostly inversely related to EPN diversity. In the field, population densities of emerging adult Caribfly increased with increasing number of EPN species combined in treatments. Thus, single-EPN species treatments proved to be more effective for the management of fruit-to-soil stages of Caribfly. Relative to controls, the proportions of surviving adult Caribfly observed in EPN treatments with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (exotic in Florida), Steinernema feltiae (exotic EPN) and Heterorhabditis indica (the endemic species) in field plots were 22.5 ± 6, 45 ± 13 and 47 ± 13%, respectively. Number of emerging D. longicaudata in each of EPN species treatments was similar to that observed in control, suggesting that none of the EPN species significantly affected the emergence of D. longicaudata, a parasitoid of Caribfly. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora will be more promising, with insignificant side effects on D. longicaudata in Caribfly-integrated pest management.
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Acknowledgements
The first author thanks the authorities as well as individuals of both CREC-UF/IFAS (in Lake Alfred FL, USA) and TREC-UF/IFAS (in Homestead FL, USA) for providing him accommodations and research facilities during his PhD studies at these research centres. We thank Joshua Q. Fluty of CREC-UF/IFAS in Lake Alfred, Florida, Rita Duncan of TREC-UF/IFAS in Homestead, Florida, Suzanne Frazer of the FDACS in Gainesville, Florida, and staffs of the USDA [Dr. Nancy Epsky and Mr. G. Micah in Miami, Florida] for their support. We appreciate Tropical Fruit Producers for allowing access to their orchards.
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This research was funded by the University of Florida for education and training of a PhD candidate (i.e. the first author) in the Department of Entomology and Nematology.
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Heve, W.K., El-Borai, F.E., Carrillo, D. et al. Increasing entomopathogenic nematode biodiversity reduces efficacy against the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa: interaction with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata . J Pest Sci 91, 799–813 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0942-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-017-0942-0