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Identification of Rotenone and Five Rotenoids in CFT Legumine Piscicide Formulation via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a New High-Throughput Extraction Procedure

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Abstract

The piscicide CFT Legumine is applied to freshwater systems around the world to control invasive fish species. Rotenone, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial cellular respiration, is the active ingredient of the piscicide; however, other rotenoids of unknown persistence and toxicity account for an equivalent amount by weight. This work identified six distinct rotenoids in CFT Legumine using liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry and optimized a rapid surface water sampling procedure for their analysis. The rotenoids were identified as rotenone and its isomer deguelin, their 12α-hydroxylated products rotenolone and tephrosin, as well as 6α,12α-dehydrorotenone and 6α,12α-dehydrodeguelin. The optimized procedure, extraction with Spin-X nylon membrane microcentrifuge filters followed by elution with acetonitrile, achieved recoveries ranging from 101 to 107% and 97 to 145% for all six rotenoids at high (125 nM, ~ 50 ppb) and low (25 nM, ~ 10 ppb) concentrations of CFT Legumine, respectively. Overall, this method provides a rapid sampling procedure necessary for monitoring rotenoid persistence in surface water to ensure safe and efficacious application of the pesticide.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to N. Molinaro from Thermo Fisher Scientific for his expertise and conducting Q Exactive liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry analysis. We also thank K. Dunker and R. Massengill from the Alaska Department of Fish and Game for providing feedback and insight regarding rotenone use in Alaska.

Funding

Research reported in this publication was supported by an Institutional Development Award (IDeA) from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant number 2P20GM103395. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the official views of the NIH. Additional funding was provided by the UAA Office of Undergraduate Research to K. Brodnax.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Alaska Anchorage, 3211 Providence Dr, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA

    Zachary C. Redman, Kaylan Brodnax, Jordan Couture & Patrick L. Tomco

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  1. Zachary C. Redman
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  2. Kaylan Brodnax
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Correspondence to Zachary C. Redman.

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Redman, Z.C., Brodnax, K., Couture, J. et al. Identification of Rotenone and Five Rotenoids in CFT Legumine Piscicide Formulation via High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and a New High-Throughput Extraction Procedure. Chromatographia 84, 207–214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-020-03987-9

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