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Separation of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivative and Its Oxidized Form

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Abstract

Derivatives of 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) still play an important role in treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Typical degradation of the DHP ring is aromatization to pyridine ring which occurs both chemically and biochemically. It is, therefore, important to have a reliable and robust analytical method for separation of DHPs from their oxidized counterparts. Separation of closely-related substances possessing similar hydrophobicity, such as DHP and its oxidized form, can be challenging on conventional alkyl-bonded sorbents. In this study, an impact of reversed-phase (RP) liquid chromatography conditions on separation of the DHP/Ox pair has been investigated. Initially, a systematic study has been performed on 33 commercial RP columns with mobile phase acetonitrile/water for separation of foridone and its corresponding oxidized form. The retention and selectivity are discussed in view of the hydrophobic-subtraction model. Best separation was found replacing conventional C18 sorbents with ones containing an embedded polar group due to polar interactions. Similarly, application of cyano columns resulted in efficient separation of analytes. Organic modifier of mobile phase (methanol vs. acetonitrile) contributed significantly to separation of foridone from its oxidized counterpart. Separation of six chemically diverse DHPs from corresponding oxidized forms was studied on seven RP columns (traditional C18 sorbent, alkyl sorbent with polar embedded group, two different aromatic phases, pentafluorophenylpropyl sorbent and sorbent with straight chain perfluorohexyl ligand). Both acetonitrile and methanol were applied as organic modifier. It was found that application of alkyl sorbent with an embedded polar group (column Zorbax Bonus RP) or cyano sorbent (column ACE CN) yields clear separation of chemically diverse DHPs from their oxidized forms.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Abbreviations

α :

Separation selectivity

A :

Column hydrogen-bond acidity, related to number, acidity and accessibility of silanol groups in the stationary phase

ACN:

Acetonitrile

B :

Column hydrogen-bond basicity

C :

Column cation exchange activity, related to number and accessibility of ionized silanols in stationary phase

DHP:

1,4-Dihydropyridine

H :

Column hydrophobicity

kF :

Retention factor

LC:

Liquid chromatography

MeOH:

Methanol

MP:

Mobile phase

Ox:

Oxidation product

PEG:

Polar-embedded group

RP:

Reversed phase

S :

Steric resistance to insertion of bulky solute molecules into the stationary phase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Street, 1006, Riga, Latvia

    T. Upmanis, H. Kažoka, A. Kreicberga & B. Vigante

Authors
  1. T. Upmanis
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  2. H. Kažoka
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  3. A. Kreicberga
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  4. B. Vigante
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Correspondence to H. Kažoka.

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Upmanis, T., Kažoka, H., Kreicberga, A. et al. Separation of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivative and Its Oxidized Form. Chromatographia 81, 1109–1117 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3529-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3529-x

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