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Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (SHS-HLLME) Combined with GC-FID for the Quantification of Methadone and Tramadol

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Abstract

In this work, a new method based on homogeneous liquid-phase microextraction was developed for the determination of methadone and tramadol. Dipropylamine was used as extraction solvent with switchable hydrophilicity that can be miscible/immiscible upon the addition or removal of CO2 as a reagent. The effects of operational parameters of the extraction such as volume of acceptor phase, volume of donor phase, pH of donor phase, and ionic strength of solution were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the preconcentration factors, the detection limits and the linearity of the method were achieved in the ranges of 135–138, 1.2 and 4–1000 µg L−1, respectively. Finally, the proposed method has been successfully applied to the analysis of methadone and tramadol in urine samples. In urine sample, the preconcentration factors were 118 and 122 for methadone and tramadol, respectively. Additionally, calibration curves were found to be linear in the concentration range of 8–1000 µg L−1 with the r2 values better than 0.998. In addition, limits of detection and quantification were 2.4 and 8 µg L−1, respectively, for both analytes.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Research Affairs of the University of Zabol is gratefully appreciated (Grant number UOZ-GR-9517-42).

Funding

This study was funded by Research Affairs of the University of Zabol (Grant number UOZ-GR-9517-42).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, P.O. Box 98615-538, Zabol, Iran

    Hamid Ahmar, Massoud Nejati-Yazdinejad & Mozhgan Najafi

  2. Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

    Kobra Sadat Hasheminasab

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  1. Hamid Ahmar
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  2. Massoud Nejati-Yazdinejad
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  3. Mozhgan Najafi
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Correspondence to Hamid Ahmar.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Additionally, informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Finally, this article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

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Ahmar, H., Nejati-Yazdinejad, M., Najafi, M. et al. Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvent-Based Homogenous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (SHS-HLLME) Combined with GC-FID for the Quantification of Methadone and Tramadol. Chromatographia 81, 1063–1070 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3528-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3528-y

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