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Assessment of the Intestinal Permeability of Major Phytocomponents Contained in Gandi Capsules Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization–Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract

Gandi capsule (GDC) has been used clinically for years for treatment of vascular lesions caused by diabetes. However, its comprehensive ingredients, especially those that can be absorbed, remain unclear. In this study, we developed a simple and fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC–Q-TOFMS) method to identify the ingredients of GDC extract, as well as those that can permeate the Caco-2 monolayer cell model. Firstly, 52 components were rapidly identified in GDC extract. Then, a total of 17 components were able to pass across Caco-2 cells from the apical side to the basolateral side with the apparent permeability coefficients (Papp) > 1.0 × 10−5 cm/s, which indicate good intestinal permeability and bioavailability. Furthermore, 14 of the 17 penetrative components were definitely detected and identified in rat plasma. These results confirmed that the combination of Caco-2 monolayer cell absorption model and UHPLC–Q-TOFMS is suitable for fast screening of the ingredients entering the blood circulation. Our results will serve as a foundation for further evaluation of the pharmacological efficacy of GDC in the clinical treatment of diabetic vascular disease.

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Funding

This research was supported by Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Commission (12401900802, 11DZ1972500 and 16DZ1920109).

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Author notes

  1. Jian Zhang and Yan Liu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Jian Zhang, Xiaofei Chen & Yifeng Chai

  2. Department of Pharmacy, Changzhen Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, China

    Yan Liu & Wansheng Chen

  3. Department of Pharmacy, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200092, China

    Jian Zhang, Yan Liu, Ting Chen, Xiaohui Huang, Qiqiang Zhang & Yuenian Tang

  4. Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 2699 Western Gaoke Road, Shanghai, 201204, China

    Hai Zhang

Authors
  1. Jian Zhang
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  2. Yan Liu
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  3. Ting Chen
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  4. Xiaohui Huang
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  5. Hai Zhang
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  6. Xiaofei Chen
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  8. Yuenian Tang
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  9. Wansheng Chen
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  10. Yifeng Chai
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Correspondence to Wansheng Chen or Yifeng Chai.

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All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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Zhang, J., Liu, Y., Chen, T. et al. Assessment of the Intestinal Permeability of Major Phytocomponents Contained in Gandi Capsules Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization–Quadrupole-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 81, 1013–1021 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3514-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-018-3514-4

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