Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behavior and Retention Models of Melamine and Its Hydrolysis Products

  • Original
  • Published:
Chromatographia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The retention behavior of melamine (MEL), ammeline (AMN), ammelide, and cyanuric acid on various hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) stationary phases was studied. Using fully optimized electrospray conditions and ammonium formate buffer pH 4/acetonitrile (20:80 v/v) as a mobile phase, precursor and product ions for each compound were identified. For the LC separation study, the effect of the following parameters was investigated: the type of buffer, the effect of the pH of ammonium formate buffer, the dilution percentage of the standard solutions in the vial, the stability of the standard solutions, and the column equilibration time. The retention and separation of melamine and its hydrolysis products on several HILIC columns was also investigated and retention models were proposed. Retention mechanisms were discussed for all the compounds. When the percentage of acetonitrile in the mobile phase was increased, the retention times of ammelide, ammeline and melamine were shifted to higher values, while the retention time of cyanuric acid did not change significantly. The separation of compounds with isobaric transitions (MEL, AMN) was achieved on four HILIC columns, namely TSKgel Amide-80, Luna HILIC, XBridge HILIC, and ZIC-HILIC (at either 10/90 or 15/85 ammonium formate buffer pH 4/ACN).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Muniz R, Ceballos SG, Rosales-Martinez D, Conzalo-Lumbreras R, Santos-Montes A, Cubedo-Fernandez A, Izquierdo-Hornillos RC (2008) Anal Bioanal Chem 392:523–531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Crossley SJ, Petersen B, Baines J, WHO (2009) (http://www.who.int/foodsafety/fs_management/Melamine_4.pdf). Accessed 02 July 2011)

  3. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1135/2009, Off J. Eur Union 2009, L 311, 3–5

  4. Deng XJ, Guo DH, Zhao SZ, Han L, Sheng YG, Yi XH (2010) J Chromatogr B 878:2839–2844

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Tittlemier SA (2010) Food Addit Contam 27:129–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Heller DN, Nochetto GB (2008) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 22:3624–3639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Wu Y-T, Huang C-M, Lin C–C, Ho W-A, Lin L-C, Chiu T-F, Tarng D-C, Lin C-H, Tsai T-H (2009) J Chromatogr A 1216:7595–7601

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhou J, Zhao J, Xue X, Zhang J, Chen F, Li Y, Wu L, Li C, Mi J (2009) J Chromatogr B 877:4164–4170

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Xia J, Zhou N, Zhou C, Chen B, Wu Y, Yao S (2010) J Sep Sci 33:2688–2697

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Alpert A (1990) J Chromatogr A 499:177–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hemström P, Irgum K (2006) J Sep Sci 29:1784–1821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jin G, Guo Z, Zhang F, Xue X, Jin Y, Liang X (2008) Talanta 76:522–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Karatapanis AE, Fiamegos YC, Stalikas CD (2010) Chromatographia 71:751–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Karatapanis AE, Fiamegos YC, Stalikas CD (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:2871–2879

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dejagher B, Mangelings D, Heyden YV (2008) J Sep Sci 31:1438–1448

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jandera P (2008) J Sep Sci 31:1421–1437

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Jandera P (2011) Anal Chim Acta 692:1–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Maragou NC, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA (2011) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 22:1826–1838

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ruta J, Rudaz S, McCalley DV, Veuthey J-L, Guillarme D (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217:8230–8240

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ali MS, Ghori M, Rafiuddin S, Khatri AR (2007) J Pharm Biomed Anal 43:158–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dai X, Qian X, Gong B, Wei Y (2011) Chromatographia 73:865–870

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Paull B (2009) Anal Chim Acta 652:3–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. McCalley DV (2010) J Chromatogr A 1217:3408–3417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Lämmerhofer M, Richter M, Wu J, Nogueira R, Bicker W, Linder W (2008) J Sep Sci 31:2572–2588

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ikegami T, Tomomatsu K, Takubo H, Horie K, Tanaka N (2008) J Chromatogr A 1184:474–503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chirita R-I, Westa C, Zubrzycki S, Finaru A-L, Elfakir C (2011) J Chromatogr A 1218:5939–5963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Taylor T, Heckendorf A (2011) The theory of hydrophilic interaction chromatography, ChromAcademy (available at: http://www.chromacademy.com/)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771, Athens, Greece

    Maroula G. Kokotou & Nikolaos S. Thomaidis

Authors
  1. Maroula G. Kokotou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nikolaos S. Thomaidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nikolaos S. Thomaidis.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 201 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kokotou, M.G., Thomaidis, N.S. Behavior and Retention Models of Melamine and Its Hydrolysis Products. Chromatographia 75, 457–467 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-012-2228-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-012-2228-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation