Abstract
Kelp Gull is the most abundant gull species in the Southern Hemisphere, occurring in South America, Africa, New Zealand, Australia, Sub-Antarctic Island, and Antarctica Peninsula. There is no consensus about the number of subspecies; some studies proposed two and others six subspecies. Previous genetic studies with this species show low genetic diversity at mtDNA, in contrast to the high variability found in the nuclear gene. Thus, this study proposed to evaluate the subspecies of Kelp Gull through mtDNA, recovering the demographic history and population genetic structure throughout the South Hemisphere. For this, we sequenced Cytochrome b in 98 samples of Kelp Gull from Brazil, Argentina, and Antarctica, and added to the dataset 20 haplotypes available in GenBank. Bayesian Phylogeny did not support a clade in any subspecies proposed. However, it is possible to observe the genetic population structure of Kelp Gull in the Southern Hemisphere based on haplotype frequency. In addition, there is evidence that Kelp Gull lost genetic diversity, following population expansion during Holocene around 2500–3000 years ago.
Zusammenfassung
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Dominikanermöwe auf der südlichen Hemisphäre.
Die Dominikanermöwe ist die am häufigsten vorkommende Möwenart der südlichen Hemisphäre und kommt in Südamerika, Afrika, Neuseeland, Australien, den subantarktische Inseln Neuseelands und der Antarktischen Halbinsel vor. Es besteht keine Einigkeit über die Anzahl der Unterarten; einige Studien schlagen zwei und andere sechs Unterarten vor. Bereits bestehende genetische Studien mit dieser Art zeigen eine geringe genetische Vielfalt in der mtDNA, im Gegensatz zu der hohen Variabilität, die im Kerngenom gefunden wurde. Daher wurde in dieser Studie beabsichtigt, die Unterarten der Dominikanermöwe anhand der mtDNA zu bestimmen, um die demografische Geschichte und die genetische Populationsstruktur in der gesamten südlichen Hemisphäre zu ermitteln. Hierfür sequenzierten wir Cytochrom b in 98 Proben von Dominikanermöwen aus Brasilien, Argentinien und der Antarktis und fügten dem Datensatz 20 verfügbare Haplotypen aus der GenBank hinzu. Die Bayes’sche Phylogenie unterstützte keine Klade in einer der vorgegebenen Unterarten. Es ist jedoch möglich, die genetische Populationsstruktur der Dominikanermöwe in der südlichen Hemisphäre auf Basis der Haplotypfrequenz zu erkennen. Darüber hinaus gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass die Dominikanermöwe nach der Ausbreitung der Population während des Holozäns vor etwa 2500 bis 3000 Jahren an genetischer Vielfalt verloren hat.
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Data availability
Sequences were deposited in GenBank Access: OP738421-OP738515.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the Frere team for helped with field work. This study was financed by National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development from Brazil (CNPq 490403/2006-5, CNPq 482264/2012-8, CNPq 306904/2019-5), and FAPESP (08/51287-0), Coordination for the improvement of higher Educational personal (CAPES) provided a fellowship to HHL.
Funding
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq 490403/2006-5, Gisele Pires de Mendonça Dantas, CNPq 482264/2012-8, Gisele Pires de Mendonça Dantas, CNPq 306904/2019-5, Gisele Pires de Mendonça Dantas, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.
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GPMD contributed to the design of the study, sampling, data analysis, and writing of the manuscript text. HHL contributed to the laboratory work, data analysis and writing of the manuscript. EF and AM contributed to the sampling design and fieldwork. All authors contributed to the draft of the manuscript, read and approved the manuscript.
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Linhares, H.H., Frere, E., Milliones, A. et al. Evolutionary history of Kelp Gulls at the South Hemisphere. J Ornithol 165, 105–113 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-023-02087-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-023-02087-3