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Young, wild, and free—Subadult White-naped Crane (Antigone vipio) exhibit wider home range movements than breeding adults during the summering period

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Abstract

Understanding space use and how it changes over time is critical in animal ecology. The subadult period is the transition from juvenile to adult. Adults and subadults have different biological requirements in summer, resulting in differential space use patterns. We tagged 66 White-naped Cranes (Antigone vipio) in eastern Mongolia, including 22 adults and 44 hatch-year juveniles, using GPS/GSM trackers from July to August, 2017–2019. The objectives are to characterize and compare space use, especially home ranges of adults and subadults, of White-naped Cranes and to investigate patterns in summer. We split the entire summering period into 6 stages (pre-incubation, incubation/nestling, pre-molting, molting/post-molting, post-fledging, moving to another area before autumn migration) and estimated home ranges, core areas using kernel density estimates (KDE) and minimum convex polygons (MCPs). We found that subadults exhibit wider home range movements than adults and that subadults’ ranging areas (corresponding to the home range of adults) decreased from the first half to the second half of the summer. Breeding adults had the smallest home ranges, while one-year-old and two-year-old subadults had equally the largest ranging areas but which decreased significantly when subadults reached sexual maturity at three years old. Throughout the summer, the changing pattern of breeders was generally opposite to that of subadults. All subadult age groups had the largest ranging areas when breeders’ home ranges were the smallest during the incubation/nestling stage. This study highlights the difference between adults and subadults and contributes to subadult ecology.

Zusammenfassung

Jung, wild und frei—Junge Weißnackenkraniche ( Antigone vipio ) bewegen sich während des Sommers innerhalb eines größeren Areals als erwachsene, brütende Vögel

In der Tierökologie ist das Verständnis von Raumnutzung und deren Veränderung im Laufe der Zeit von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die subadulte Phase ist der Übergang vom Jungtier zum Erwachsenen, und ausgewachsene Tiere haben im Sommer andere biologische Erfordernisse als Jungtiere, was zu unterschiedlichen Mustern in der Raumnutzung führt. Von Juli bis August 2017 bis 2019 versahen wir in der östlichen Mongolei 66 Weißnackenkraniche (Antigone vipio), davon 22 adulte und 44 Jungtiere vom gleichen Jahr, mit GPS/GSM Peilsendern. Ziel war es, ihre jeweilige Raumnutzung zu erfassen und zu vergleichen, insbesondere die Heimatareale der Adulten und Subadulten, und die Muster über den Sommer hinweg zu untersuchen. Wir unterteilten die gesamte Sommerperiode in 6 Perioden (vor der Brutzeit, Brutzeit/Schlüpfen, vor der Mauser, Mauser/nach der Mauser, Abwanderung in andere Gebiete vor dem Herbstzug) und schätzten die Heimatgebiete und Kernbereiche anhand von Kernel-Dichte-Schätzungen (KDE) und minimaler konvexer Polygone (MCPs). Dabei stellten wir fest, dass die Jungtiere einen größeren Aktionsradius hatten als die adulten Tiere und dass die Aktionsbereiche der Subadulten (die den Heimatrevieren der Adulten entsprachen) von der ersten Hälfte des Sommers zur zweiten hin kleiner wurden. Brütende Tiere hatten den kleinsten Bewegungsradius, während ein und zwei Jahre alte Jungtiere ebenfalls die größten Aktionsgebiete hatten, die jedoch deutlich abnahmen, sobald sie im Alter von drei Jahren die Geschlechtsreife erreichten. Während des gesamten Sommers war der Wechsel im Verhalten der Brütenden im Allgemeinen dem der Jungtiere entgegengesetzt. Alle subadulten Altersgruppen hatten die größten Aktionsradien, während die der Brütenden während der Brutzeit/Nestlingsphase am kleinsten waren. Diese Untersuchung betont den Unterschied zwischen adulten und subadulten Tieren und leistet einen Beitrag zur Ökologie von Jungtieren.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the protection of the White-naped Crane western population, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the tireless efforts of the staff of Eastern Mongolian Protected Area Administration in crane capture and field observation. We thank Chunrong Mi for guidance on data analysis and review comments on this manuscript. Special thanks go to our friend herder family Dashdorj and Khurlee and their families and also to our great drivers Bundaa and Bayasaa.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 31770573]; Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China [grant number G20190001114]; and the National Forestry and Grassland Administration of China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China

    Ming Gao, Baasansuren Erdenechimeg, Gankhuyag Purev-Ochir & Yumin Guo

  2. Beijing Museum of Natural History, Beijing, China

    Ming Gao

  3. Mongolian Bird Conservation Center, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

    Baasansuren Erdenechimeg, Gankhuyag Purev-Ochir & Amarkhuu Gungaa

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  1. Ming Gao
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. YG proposed ideas, supervised the research, and collected data. MG analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. BE helped with information searching. GPO helped with review and revision. BE, GPO, and AG helped with bird capture, satellite tracking and monitoring. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yumin Guo.

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This study was conducted under Mongolian laws on bird capture and handling. Capture and tracking work was performed under the licenses of the Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia (permission number: 06/2376, 06/2248).

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Gao, M., Erdenechimeg, B., Purev-Ochir, G. et al. Young, wild, and free—Subadult White-naped Crane (Antigone vipio) exhibit wider home range movements than breeding adults during the summering period. J Ornithol 164, 561–572 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-023-02053-z

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