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The effects of prey availability and capture success on the foraging and territory economics of a predatory bird, Circus hudsonius

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Abstract

Studies of foraging and territory economics in free-living animals are few and have been limited largely to nectar-feeding birds owing to the relative ease of observation and assessment of their food supplies. Such studies indicate that the benefits of defense come about due to the accumulation of nectar on territories, which reduces the time and energy costs expended by territory owners to meet their daily energy demands. I studied the foraging and territory economics of a predator, the Northern Harrier, Circus hudsonius. I hypothesized that territory owners’ rates of energy intake should depend not only on the availability of mice on their territories, but also on their capture success, and more specifically, the product of capture success and mice availability. Territorial harriers spent less time and energy foraging than non-territorial harriers, but more time and energy in aggressive chases. A regression model derived from measurements of capture success and mice availability indicated that territorial defense was sustainable at all but the lowest values of capture success. Even with the added cost of defense, all territorial harriers had energy expenditures below their daily energy needs, whereas two of five non-territorial harriers expended more energy than their daily needs. The amount of time and energy territorial harriers expended in foraging and defense was similar to findings for territorial nectar-feeding birds, but was more variable, which may reflect the stochasticity that capture success had on their rates of energy intake.

Zusammenfassung

Einfluss von Beuteverfügbarkeit und Jagderfolg auf die Ökonomie von Nahrungssuche und Revierverhalten bei einem Greifvogel, Circus hudsonius

Es gibt kaum Untersuchungen zur Ökonomie von Nahrungssuche und Revierverhalten bei wildlebenden Tieren und diese beschränken sich im Wesentlichen auf nektarivore Vögel, weil diese relativ leicht zu beobachten sind und man ihre Nahrungsquellen gut bemessen kann. Solche Studien deuten darauf hin, dass sich der Vorteil einer Verteidigung aus der Menge an Nektar in den Revieren ergibt, was den Zeit- und Energieaufwand verringert, den Revierinhaber zur Deckung ihres täglichen Energiebedarfs aufbringen müssen. Wir untersuchten die Ökonomie von Nahrungssuche und Revierverhalten bei einem Greifvogel, der Hudsonweihe Circus hudsonius. Wir stellten die Hypothese auf, dass die Energieaufnahmeraten der Revierinhaber nicht nur von der Verfügbarkeit von Mäusen in ihren Territorien abhängen, sondern auch vom Jagderfolg und speziell vom Produkt aus Jagderfolg und Beuteverfügbarkeit. Weihen mit Revieren wendeten weniger Zeit und Energie für die Nahrungssuche auf als nicht-territoriale Weihen, dafür aber mehr Zeit und Energie für aggressive Verfolgungsjagden. Ein Regressionsmodell auf der Grundlage von Jagderfolg und Mäuseverfügbarkeit ließ darauf schließen, dass die Verteidigung eines Reviers außer bei den geringsten Jagderfolgen stets wirtschaftlich war. Selbst mit den zusätzlichen Kosten der Verteidigung lag der Energieaufwand sämtlicher territorialen Weihen unter ihrem täglichen Energiebedarf, wohingegen zwei der fünf nicht –territorialen Weihen mehr Energie als den täglichen Bedarf verbrauchten. Der Zeit- und Energieaufwand territorialer Weihen für Nahrungssuche und Verteidigung ähnelte den Befunden für nektarivore Vögel, allerdings war er variabler, was den stochastischen Einfluss des Jagderfolges auf die Energieaufnahmeraten widerspiegeln könnte.

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The data analyzed for this study are available as online supplementary material (S1).

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Acknowledgements

I thank the Davis Audubon Society. Heidrick Farms, Inc., and Hunt-Wesson Foods, Inc., for granting me access to their lands and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments. Field research was supported by the University of California, Davis, and data analyses and manuscript preparation by Amherst College.

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My research was supported by the University of California, Davis and Amherst College.

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Correspondence to Ethan J. Temeles.

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Not applicable; note that any data that involved the handling of animals (mark-and-recapture of rodents) were from a study conducted from 1984 to 1986 and published in Temeles (1987).

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Communicated by O. Krüger.

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Temeles, E.J. The effects of prey availability and capture success on the foraging and territory economics of a predatory bird, Circus hudsonius. J Ornithol 163, 767–777 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01979-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-01979-0

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