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Contrasting patterns of natal dispersal of a south temperate House Wren population at local and regional scales

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Abstract

Dispersal constitutes one of the main processes that shape population genetic structure and dynamics. Combining a capture-mark-resighting methodology and molecular genetics analyses, we studied the natal dispersal behaviour of House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon bonariae) inhabiting a naturally fragmented habitat in south temperate Argentina. Based on data collected over 12 breeding seasons (2005–2016), we tested if males and females differ in natal dispersal behaviour at different spatial scales. At local scale (within study sites), both resighting of banded individuals and genetic analysis showed that females dispersed greater distances than males. At a broader spatial scale (between study sites) resighting of banded individuals could not verify that females were the dispersing sex since long-distance dispersal was rare. However, genetic analyses revealed paradoxical evidence: while the females of populations separated by more than 5 km showed slight but significant genotypic differences among them, males showed genetic differences at a greater distance (> 16 km). Given that genetic analyses can provide evidence of both historical and present-day dispersal the observed genetic differentiation does not necessarily imply that the sex dispersal pattern is reversed at a regional scale. We propose that females have a higher probability of acquiring a partner/territory at closer distances due existing male-biased population sex ratio caused but higher female mortality. Also, although males are less likely to disperse, when they do, they must travel greater distances to find a suitable territory or mate. Such movements would prevent the occurrence of genetic differences among male populations.

Zusammenfassung

Gegenläufige Muster im Dismigrationsverhalten auf lokaler und regionaler Ebene bei einer Hauszaunkönigpopulation der südlichen gemäßigten Breiten.

Dismigration gehört zu den primären Prozessen, welche die genetische Struktur und Dynamik von Populationen gestalten. Durch die Kombination einer Fang-Markierungs-Wiedersicht-Methodik mit molekulargenetischen Analysen erforschten wir das Dismigrationsverhalten von Hauszaunkönigen Troglodytes aedon bonariae in einem von Natur aus fragmentierten Habitat der südlichen gemäßigten Breiten Argentiniens. Basierend auf Daten aus zwölf Brutsaisons (2005–2016) prüften wir, ob sich Männchen und Weibchen auf verschiedenen räumlichen Ebenen im Dismigrationsverhalten unterscheiden. Auf der lokalen Ebene (innerhalb der Studiengebiete) belegten sowohl die Wiedersichtungen beringter Individuen als auch die genetischen Analysen, dass sich die Weibchen über größere Entfernungen verteilten als die Männchen. Auf einer höheren räumlichen Ebene (zwischen den Studiengebieten) ließ sich durch die Wiedersichtungen beringter Individuen nicht bestätigen, dass die Weibchen das abwandernde Geschlecht sind, da Dismigration über weitere Strecken kaum vorkam. Allerdings lieferten die genetischen Analysen verblüffende Ergebnisse: Während die Weibchen von mehr als 5 km auseinanderliegenden Populationen leichte, aber signifikante genotypische Unterschiede aufwiesen, zeigten sich solche genetischen Differenzen bei den Männchen erst bei größerer Entfernung (> 16 km). In Anbetracht der Tatsache, dass genetische Analysen Belege für Dismigration sowohl in historischer als auch in heutiger Zeit liefern können, bedeutet die beobachtete genetische Differenzierung nicht automatisch auch eine Umkehr des geschlechtstypischen Dismigrationsmusters auf regionaler Ebene. Wir vermuten, dass Weibchen aufgrund eines durch höhere Sterblichkeit der Weibchen verursachten Männchen-lastigen Geschlechterverhältnisses in der Population mit größerer Wahrscheinlichkeit einen Partner/ein Revier im näheren Umkreis finden. Zwar wandern Männchen mit geringerer Wahrscheinlichkeit ab; wenn sie es aber tun, müssen sie weitere Strecken zurücklegen, um ein passendes Revier oder eine Partnerin zu finden. Derartige Wanderungen würden die Ausbildung genetischer Unterschiede zwischen Männchenpopulationen verhindern.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Luis García and his wife Anahí for allowing us to work on his ranch in Buenos Aires, and Martha Busai, Mario Beade and families for logistical support. We also thank to Myriam Mermoz, Gabriela Corral and Rocio Busai for help us to collect the samples at field and to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on the manuscript. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript. All methods used in the present study meet the ethical requirements for science research and comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.

Funding

This work was supported by the AFO (The Association of Field Ornithologists) through a Bergstrom award to MEC, and partially by grants of the University of Buenos Aires (UBACyT 20020090200117) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council–Argentina (CONICET-PIP112-200901-00011) to GJF.

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  1. GIEFAS INIBIOMA (CONICET), Asentamiento Universitario San Martín de Los Andes (AUSMA), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Pasaje de la Paz 235, 8370, San Martín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina

    Mariana E. Carro & Gustavo J. Fernández

  2. Biología de Aves, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas Áridas, CCT-Mendoza, Avenida Ruiz Leal S/N Parque General San Martin, 5500, Mendoza, Argentina

    Paulo E. Llambías

  3. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución-IEGEBA CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón II Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Bettina Mahler

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All methods used in the present study met the ethical requirements for science research and complied with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. This study and protocols we used were approved by the Dirección de Áreas Protegidas y Conservación de la Biodiversidad (Disp. 44 and 91) and the Organización Provincial para el Desarrollo Sustentable (OPDS) from Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Disp. 019/15).

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Carro, M.E., Llambías, P.E., Mahler, B. et al. Contrasting patterns of natal dispersal of a south temperate House Wren population at local and regional scales. J Ornithol 162, 895–907 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01887-9

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