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Patagonian glacial effects on the endemic Green-backed Firecrown, Sephanoides sephaniodes (Aves: Trochilidae): evidence from species distribution models and molecular data

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Abstract

Climate changes during the late Pleistocene influenced the demography and distribution of species in Patagonia. During the last glacial maximum (LGM), ice sheets covered a great extent of the temperate rainforest in the western Patagonian Andes. The persistence of forest species in refugia during the LGM has been debated for many vertebrates, but rarely for birds. The Green-backed Firecrown (Sephanoides sephaniodes) is an important avian pollinator distributed from the south of the Atacama Desert (28°S) to Tierra del Fuego (54°S) in South America. We evaluated the species’ evolutionary history, combining molecular data and models for past and current species distribution. Our results show two distinct haplogroups: the genetically diverse North–South clade (NS) restricted to the Mediterranean and coastal temperate regions that exhibits a signature of population expansion after LGM, and the Austral-East clade (AE) confined to the temperate intermountain range, eastern temperate, and sub-Antarctic regions, with lower genetic diversity and evidence of a more recent population expansion. This AE clade and the past distribution models support the species survival in valleys and lowlands south of the ice sheets limit during LGM until the present. A secondary contact zone was observed with haplotypes from the AE clade distributed in low frequency along with the northern areas. Our results support the paleorefugia hypothesis during the LGM with postglacial secondary contact.

Zusammenfassung

Auswirkungen der Eiszeit Patagoniens auf den endemischen Chilekolibri, Sephanoides sephaniodes (Aves: Trochilidae): Hinweise aus Artverbreitungsmodellen und molekularen Daten

Der Klimawandel während des späten Pleistozäns beeinflusste die Demographie und Verbreitung von Arten in Patagonien. Während des Letzteiszeitlichen Maximums (engl. last glacial maximum; LGM) bedeckten Eisschichten einen Großteil des gemäßigten Regenwaldes in den westlichen patagonischen Anden. Die Beharrlichkeit der Waldarten in Rückzugsgebieten während des LGMs wurde für viele Vertebraten-Arten diskutiert, jedoch selten für Vogelarten. Der Chilekolibri (Sephanoides sephaniodes) ist ein wichtiger Blütenbestäuber, der südlich der Atacamawüste (28°S) bis zum Feuerland (54°S) in Südamerika vorkommt. Wir untersuchten die Evolutionsgeschichte der Art, indem wir molekulare Daten und Modelle für die vergangene und derzeitige Artenverbreitung kombinierten. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen zwei unterscheidbare Haplogruppen: die genetisch unterschiedliche Nord-Süd-Klade (NS), die auf mediterrane Regionen und gemäßigte Küstenregionen beschränkt ist und ein Zeichen einer Populationsverbreitung nach dem LGM zeigt, und die Süd-Ost-Klade (engl. Austral-East clade; AE), die sich auf die gemäßigte Intermountain Region sowie die östlichen gemäßigten und subantarktischen Regionen erstreckt, mit geringerer genetischer Vielfalt und mit Hinweise auf eine jüngere Populationsverbreitung. Diese AE-Klade und das Model für die vergangene Artenverbreitung belegen das Überleben der Arten in Tälern und Tiefebenen südlich der Grenze des Eisschildes während des LGMs bis zur Gegenwart. Eine sekundäre Kontaktzone wurde bei Haplogruppen der AE-Klade in dünn besiedelten nördlichen Regionen beobachtet. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstützen die Refugial-Hypothese während des LGMs mit postglazialen Sekundärkontakten.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support for this study was provided by Fondecyt 1181677 and 1170972, Chile, and by CONICET, Argentina. This research has received funding from the European Union's H2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 691149 (SuFoRun), MSCA-RISE-2015 (H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions) . We thank Cynthia Wang-Claypool and Nicolas Segovia for the suggestions and the figure design. DNA sequences are available in GenBank (access number for Cytb MT640054-MT640101 and FIB7 MT636394-MT636457). Occurrence records table file and Maxent models in raster format have been deposited in the Zenodo online repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3893976).

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  1. Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna, 4860, Santiago, Chile

    Ignacio Acosta, Daly Noll & Juliana A. Vianna

  2. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘‘Bernardino Rivadavia”-CONICET. Av, Ángel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Gustavo S. Cabanne

  3. Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Méndez 595, CP 3780000, Chillán, Chile

    Daniel González-Acuña

  4. Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Patricio Pliscoff

  5. Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile

    Patricio Pliscoff

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Acosta, I., Cabanne, G.S., Noll, D. et al. Patagonian glacial effects on the endemic Green-backed Firecrown, Sephanoides sephaniodes (Aves: Trochilidae): evidence from species distribution models and molecular data. J Ornithol 162, 289–301 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01822-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01822-4

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