Abstract
Accurate morphometric measurements of birds are frequently needed in studies to provide an index of body size. However, obtaining these measurements in the field can be challenging and inter-observer repeatability of taking these measurements using calipers has been questioned in the literature. Here we present a method for measuring tarsus length and bill length, width and depth using digital photography with open source software (ImageJ), and we compare the repeatability and handling time of the digital measurements with those traditionally made using calipers. The digital method was more or equally repeatable than manual measurements of bill and tarsus and its repeatability was independent of measurement length, making it especially suited to making shorter measurements. While digital and manual measures were highly correlated for all body measures, the digital method produced slightly higher measurements in all cases meaning digital and manual measurements may not be directly comparable. Morphometric measurements made from digital photographs were possible with a significantly shorter bird handling time, can be completed by less experienced fieldworkers, and create a permanent record that can be later verified, making them a useful alternative to traditional manual measurements of unfeathered skeletal body parts which can be clearly visualized in photographs.
Zusammenfassung
Fotografie als Hilfsmittel für morphometrische Messungen bei Vögeln
Präzise morphometrische Messungen von Vögeln werden häufig in Untersuchungen benötigt, um ein Maß für die Körpergröße zu bekommen. Jedoch kann das Erheben solcher Messwerte im Feld eine Herausforderung darstellen und die Wiederholbarkeit zwischen den Beobachtern, die diese Messungen mit einer Schieblehre durchführen, wurde in der Fachliteratur oft in Frage gestellt. Hier zeigen wir eine Methode zur Messung der Tarsus- und Schnabellänge, -breite und -höhe mittels Digitalfotografie und einer Open-Source-Software (ImageJ). Weiterhin haben wir die Wiederholbarkeit und Handhabungszeit zwischen den digitalen und traditionellen Messungen mit einer Schieblehre miteinander verglichen. Die digitale Methode zeigte eine genauso gute oder sogar bessere Wiederholbarkeit wie bzw. als die manuelle Messung von Schnabel und Tarsus. Die Wiederholbarkeit war unabhängig von der Messdauer, was die Digitalfotografie besonders für schnelle Messungen geeignet macht. Während die digitalen und manuellen Messungen für alle Körpermaße stark miteinander korrelierten, ergab die digitale Methode immer etwas höhere Messwerte. Dies bedeutet, dass digitale und manuelle Messungen möglicherweise nicht direkt miteinander vergleichbar sind. Morphometrische Messungen anhand Digitalfotografien waren mit signifikant geringeren Handhabungszeiten der Vögel möglich, können durch weniger erfahrene Feldbeobachter durchgeführt werden und schaffen eine dauerhafte Aufzeichnung für spätere Überprüfungen. Dies macht die Digitalfotografie zu einer hilfreichen Alternative zur traditionellen, manuellen Messung von unbefiederten Körperteilen, die sich auf Fotos klar sichtbar abbilden lassen.






Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.References
Alatalo RV, Hoglund J, Lundberg A (1988) Patterns of variation in tail ornament size in birds. Biol J Linn Soc 34:363–374
Baldwin SP, Oberholser HC, Worley LG (1931) Measurements of birds. Sci Publ Cleveland Museum Nat Hist 2:1–165
Barrett RT, Peterz M, Furness RW, Durinck J (2011) The variability of biometric measurements. Ringing Migration 10:13–16
Boag PT (1983) The heritability of external morphology in Darwin’s ground finches (Geospiza) on Isla Daphne Major, Galapogas. Evol Int J Org Evol 37:877–894
Borras A, Pascual J, Senar JC (2000) What do different bill measures measure and what is the best method to use in granivorous birds? J Field Ornithol 71:606–611
Braddock Bay Bird Observatory (2002) Braddock Bay Migration Banding Protocol. https://braddockbaybirdobservatory.wordpress.com/research/. Accessed Jun 2019
Cheong S, Sung HC, Park SR (2007) A new method for sexing Oriental White Storks. J Field Ornithol 78:329–333
Cockrem JF, Barrett DP, Candy EJ, Potter MA (2009) Corticosterone responses in birds: individual variation and repeatability in Adelie penguins (Pygoscelisadeliae) and other species, and the use of power analysis to determine sample sizes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 163:158–168
Cuthbert RJ, Phillips RA, Ryan PG (2003) Separating the Tristan Albatross and the Wandering Albatross using morphometric measurements. Waterbirds 26:338–344
Figuerola J, Senar JC (2000) Measurement of plumage badges: an evaluation of methods used in the Great Tit Parus major. Ibis 142:482–484
Gamer M, Lemon J, Fellows I, Singh P (2012) Irr: Various coefficients of interrater reliability and agreement. R package version 0.84. https://cran.r-project.org/package=irr.
Gosler AG (2004) Birds in the hand. In: Sutherland W, Newton I, Green AJ (eds) Bird ecology and conservation. Oxford University Press, New York
Gosler AG, Greenwood JJD, Baker JK, Davidson NC (2010) The field determination of body size and condition in passerines: a report to the British Ringing Committee. Bird Study 45:92–103
Harper DGC (1994) Some comments on the repeatability of measurements. Ringing Migration 15:84–90
Hartman CA, Ackerman JT, Eagles-Smith CA, Herzog MP (2016) Differentiating sex and species of Western Grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and Clark’s Grebes (Aechmophorus clarkii) and their eggs using external morphometrics and discriminant function analysis. Waterbirds 39:13–26
Hurtrez-Bousses S, Perret P, Renaud F, Blondel J (1997) High blowfly parasitic loads affect breeding success in a Mediterranean population of blue tits. Oecologia 112:514–517
Lessells CM, Boag PT (1987) Unrepeatable repeatabilities—a common mistake. Auk 104:116–121
Leverton R (2011) Wing length changes in individually-marked BlackbirdsTurdus merulafollowing moult. Ringing Migration 10:17–25
Moreno-Rueda G (2010) Uropygial gland size correlates with feather holes, body condition and wingbar size in the house sparrow Passer domesticus. J Avian Biol 41:229–236
Pyle P (1997) Identification guide to North American birds, Part I: Columbidae to Ploceidae. State Creek Press, Bolinas, CA
Development Core Team R (2015) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
Robertson GJ, Mittelhauser GH, Chubbs T et al (2008) Morphological variation among Harlequin ducks in the Northwest Atlantic. Waterbirds 31:194–203
Rueden CT, Schindelin J, Hiner MC et al (2017) Image J2: ImageJ for the next generation of scientific image data. BMC Bioinform 18:529
Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E et al (2012) Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods 9:676–682
Sinkovics C, Seress G, Fabian V et al (2018) Obtaining accurate measurements of the size and volume of insects fed to nestlings from video recordings. J Field Ornithol 89:165–172
Smith JNM, Zach R (1979) Heritability of some morphological characters in a song sparrow population. Evol Int J Org Evol 33:460–467
Sockman KW, Schwabl H (2001) Plasma corticosterone in nestling american kestrels: effects of age, handling stress, yolk androgens, and body condition. Gen Comp Endocrinol 122:205–212
Spotswood EN, Goodman KR, Carlisle J et al (2012) How safe is mist netting? Evaluating the risk of injury and mortality to birds. Meth Ecol Evol 3:29–38
Sutherland WJ, Newton I, Green RE (2004) Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques. Oxford University Press, New York
Weckauf RH, Handschuh M (2011) A method for identifying the sex of lesser adjutant storks Leptoptilos javanicus using digital photographs. Cambodian J Nat Hist 2011:23–28
Winker K (1998) Suggestions for measuring external characters of birds. Ornitol Neotrop 9:23–30
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Ramya Sridhar, Alyssa Gooding, Joseph Toth, and Logan Fahrenkopf for field assistance in taking photographs, and to Gayle Lazoration, Ryan Kayhart, Peggy Keller, Cindy Marino, and Emilia Rebollo for making manual measurements. We thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments which have improved the quality of this manuscript. We especially thank the volunteers, members, and Board of Directors at Braddock Bay Bird Observatory for funding and operating the research station. HW is grateful for support from the National Science Foundation (1556577). All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted and all experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by F. Bairlein.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Williams, H.M., Wilcox, S.B. & Patterson, A.J. Photography as a tool for avian morphometric measurements. J Ornithol 161, 333–339 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01728-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01728-w


