Abstract
Worldwide, many wader species have recently exhibited steep declines in range and abundance. Low productivity, frequently associated with predation, is considered a major proximate driver of declines and often reflects underlying land use and habitat change. We hypothesised that restoration of grouse moor management, which includes control of predators and heather habitat management, would halt and reverse these declines. We monitored changes in the abundance of four upland-breeding wader species following restoration of grouse moor management at Langholm Moor in South-west Scotland from 2008 to 2017. Here, Curlew, Golden Plover and Lapwing had previously declined when management ceased, whereas Snipe had increased. During the 10-year study period, Curlew numbers increased on average by 10% per annum, Golden Plover numbers by 16% and Snipe numbers by 21%, whereas Lapwing numbers did not change. These local trends contrast with national and regional trends over the same period, which all showed declines of all these species. However, the population trends for Curlew and Snipe did not differ in relation to habitat management for Red Grouse, suggesting that population increases were primarily associated with predator control across the whole study area. Our results support the hypothesis that restoring predator control as part of grouse moor management can reverse declines of some wader species. At Langholm, full recovery to levels observed prior to management cessation may have been constrained by delayed recruitment within a time-restricted study period in combination with low initial numbers, availability and isolation of suitable habitat, and incomplete predator removal.
Zusammenfassung
Reaktionen von brütenden Watvögeln auf die Wiederaufnahme des Managements für die Bejagung von Schottischen Moorschneehühnern auf einem Moor in Südwest-Schottland
Viele Watvogel-Arten sind weltweit durch starke Rückgänge in Ausbreitung und Bestand bedroht. Niedriger Bruterfolg, häufig assoziiert mit Prädation, ist eine der Hauptursachen für diese Bestandsrückgänge, und oft auf Veränderungen in Landnutzung und Habitat zurückzuführen. Wir stellen die Hypothese auf, dass die Wiederaufnahme des Managements für die Bejagung des Schottischen Moorschneehuhns, welches Prädatorenkontrolle und Heidehabitat-Management beinhaltet, diese Bestandsrückgänge aufhalten und umkehren kann. Wir beobachteten die Bestandsveränderungen von vier im schottischen Hochland brütenden Watvogel-Arten nach der Wiederaufnahme des Moorschneehuhn-Managements im Langholm Moor (Südwest-Schottland) zwischen 2008 und 2017. Nach Einstellung des Managements hatten die Bestände vom Großen Brachvogel, Goldregenpfeifer und Kiebitz abgenommen, wohingegen Bekassinen zunahmen. Während unserer 10-jährigen Studie hat die Anzahl der brütenden Brachvögel durchschnittlich um 10% pro Jahr zugenommen, Goldregenpfeifer um 16% und Bekassinen um 21%, wogegen die Anzahl der Kiebitze gleichblieb. Diese lokalen Bestandszunahmen standen im Gegensatz zu den im gleichen Zeitraum für alle Arten rückläufigen nationalen und regionalen Trends. Die Bestandstrends für Brachvogel und Bekassine waren unabhängig vom Heidehabitat-Management, was darauf hindeutet, dass diese Bestandszunahmen hauptsächlich auf die Prädatorenkontrolle zurückzuführen waren. Unsere Ergebnisse bestätigen die Hypothese, dass Prädatorenkontrolle im Rahmen des Moorschneehuhn-Managements die Bestandsrückgänge von einigen Watvogel-Arten umkehren kann. Eine vollständige Erholung der Watvogel-Bestände in Langholm auf das ursprüngliche Niveau vor der Einstellung des Managements wurde wahrscheinlich verhindert durch zeitverzögerte Rekrutierung in einer zeit-beschränkten Studie in Kombination mit anfänglich niedrigen Beständen, eingeschränkter Verfügbarkeit und Fragmentierung von geeignetem Habitat und unvollständiger Entfernung von Prädatoren.
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Acknowledgements
This study was conducted as part of the Langholm Moor Demonstration Project (2008–2017), funded by the Game and Wildlife Conservation Trust, Scottish Natural Heritage, Buccleuch Estates, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and Natural England. We thank E. Aimes, D. Bubb, T. Chamberlain, E. Colver, P. Golder, K. Hazelwood, P. Keane, A. McCluskie, A. McWilliams, T. Pringle, and E. Rooney for conducting wader surveys during 2008–2018. We are grateful to D. Massimino at the BTO for providing the regional BBS data and N. Aebischer for statistical advice. N. Aebischer, P. Warren, J. Wilson, J. Valkama and one anonymous reviewer provided helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.
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Ludwig, S.C., Roos, S. & Baines, D. Responses of breeding waders to restoration of grouse management on a moor in South-West Scotland. J Ornithol 160, 789–797 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01667-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-019-01667-6