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Dissecting bird diversity in the Pantepui area of endemism, northern South America

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Abstract

The Pantepui region harbors one of the most distinctive endemic montane bird faunas in the Neotropics, and is located across the tepuis of northern South America. We made an extensive literature review to understand large-scale distribution patterns of birds in the Pantepui. The core avifauna of the tepuis is composed of 138 bird species, most forest-dwelling insectivores, of which 43 are endemic. In addition, 167 subspecies of birds are endemic to these mountains. The number of endemic species peaks between 1251 and 2000 m, whereas the diversity of non-endemic species is highest between 751 and 1000 m. A high proportion (28%) of endemic taxa (species plus subspecies) is restricted to a single mountain. Tepuis are distributed along a longitudinal gradient, and bird species compositions of mountains located in the eastern and western portion of this gradient are clearly differentiated. Maximum altitude of the mountains and their distance from the Andes are the best predictors of species richness and composition across the Pantepui. Also, bird species composition at site level exhibits significant nested patterns which are affected by maximum altitude, isolation and geographic position of the mountains. The unique bird assemblage of the Pantepui area of endemism is structured through a combination of the spatial distribution of the mountains, habitat diversity, and complex historical events.

Zusammenfassung

Analyse der Vogeldiversität in der von starkem Endemismus geprägten Pantepui-Region im nördlichen Südamerika Die Tafelberge in der Tepui-Region im nördlichen Südamerika bilden die Pantepui-Region, ein Gebiet mit hoher Endemismus-Rate und einer der ausgeprägtesten Bergvogel-Faunen der Neotropen. Mithilfe einer umfassenden Literaturstudie wollten wir die weiträumigen Verbreitungsmuster der Vögel des Pantepuis zu verstehen versuchen. Die Kern-Avifauna der Tafelberge dort besteht aus 138 Vogelarten, überwiegend waldbewohnende Insektenfresser, von denen 43 Arten endemisch sind. Außerdem sind in diesen Bergen weitere 167 Vogel-Unterarten endemisch. Die Anzahl der endemischen Arten ist in 1251–2000 Metern Höhe am größten, die Vielfalt der nicht-endemischen Arten zwischen 751 und 1000 Metern. Ein großer Anteil (28%) der endemischen Arten (plus Unterarten) ist auf einen einzigen Berg begrenzt. Die Tafelberge verlaufen entlang eines longitudinalen Gradienten, und die Zusammensetzung der Vogelarten westlich und östlich dieses Gradienten ist klar unterschiedlich. Die Höhe der Berge und ihre Entfernung von den Anden sind der beste Prediktor für den Artenreichtum und die–zusammensetzung entlang des Pantepui. Auch an anderen Standorten zeigt die Artenzusammensetzung ausgeprägte Muster, die von der Meereshöhe, der räumlichen Isolation und der geographischen Position der Berge abhängen. Die einzigartige Zusammensetzung der Vogelarten in der endemitischen Pantepui-Region wird von einer Kombination von räumlicher Anordnung der Berge, Vielfalt der Habitate und komplexer historischer Vorgänge strukturiert.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant provided to the first author by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Amazonas through Programa de Apoio à Fixação de Doutores no Amazonas—Fixam/AM (edital no. 017/2014). Adrian Barnett helped with the English. We appreciate the contributions of five anonymous reviewers to the notable improvement of the text.

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  1. Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo O. Jordão Ramos, 3000, Manaus, AM, 69077-000, Brazil

    Sérgio Henrique Borges & Fabrício Baccaro

  2. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Avenida André Araújo 2936, Manaus, AM, 69060-001, Brazil

    Sérgio Henrique Borges & Camila Ribas

  3. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Avenida Augusto Correa, 01, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil

    Marcos Pérsio Dantas Santos

  4. Fundação Vitória Amazônica (FVA), Rua Estrela d’Alva 146, Aleixo, Manaus, AM, 69060-093, Brazil

    Marcelo Moreira

  5. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60608, USA

    João Marcos Guimarães Capurucho

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Borges, S.H., Santos, M.P.D., Moreira, M. et al. Dissecting bird diversity in the Pantepui area of endemism, northern South America. J Ornithol 159, 1073–1086 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1576-6

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