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Ventral colour, not tail streamer length, is associated with seasonal reproductive performance in a Chinese population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica gutturalis)

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Abstract

Phenotypic differentiation is common among populations that have large geographic distributions. One proposed mechanism driving phenotype divergence is sexual selection, which predicts that trait differences among closely related populations are underlain by variation in reproductive performance. Here, we examined a population of Asian Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica gutturalis) in northeastern China. We ask whether traits shown to be under divergent sexual selection in other Barn Swallow populations are under sexual selection in this north Asian population by determining whether two features of phenotype variation, tail streamer length and ventral plumage colouration (including both throat and belly regions), are sexually dimorphic, associated with patterns of assortative mating and predictive of reproductive success. In this population, the length of tail streamers did not correlate with ventral plumage colouration in either males or females. The length of tail streamers was sexually dimorphic, but we did not find assortative mating by tail streamer length. By contrast, we found no sexual dichromatism but we did find assortative mating by throat colouration. Our correlational results indicated that the breeding performance of male Barn Swallows was associated with differences in their ventral plumage colouration, suggesting that ventral plumage colouration is likely a target of sexual selection in this population. Our finding that tail streamer length is unlikely to be under sexual selection is consistent with studies of other H. rustica gutturalis populations. The result that ventral plumage colour is likely to be under sexual selection is partially consistent with previous studies on Japanese H. rustica gutturalis, in which male throat but not belly plumage colour is the sexually selected trait.

Zusammenfassung

Die Bauchfärbung, nicht die Länge der äu ßeren Schwanzfedern ist assoziiert mit der saisonalen Reproduktionsleistung einer chinesischen Population von Rauschwalben ( Hirundo rustica gutturalis ).

Phänotypische Differenzierung ist verbreitet zwischen Populationen mit einer weiten geografischen Verbreitung. Ein möglicher Mechanismus, der die phänotypische Divergenz antreibt, ist die sexuelle Selektion, die bestimmt, dass der Merkmalsausprägung zwischen nah verwandten Populationen die Variation der Reproduktionsleistung zugrunde liegt. In der vorliegenden Studie untersuchten wir eine Population asiatischer Rauchschwalben (Hirundo rustica gutturalis) in Nordostchina. Wir gingen der Frage nach, inwiefern Eigenschaften, die sich unter sexueller Selektion in anderen Rauchschwalbenpopulationen divergent zeigten, in dieser untersuchten nordasiatischen Population sexuell selektiert wurden. Wir bestimmten, ob zwei Eigenschaften der phänotypischen Variation, die Länge der äußeren Schwanzfedern und die Farbe des Bauchgefieders (inklusive Kehle und Bauchregionen) geschlechtsdimorph sind, im Zusammenhang mit Mustern der assortativen Verpaarung und prognostiziertem Bruterfolg. In der untersuchten Population korrelierte die Länge der äußeren Schwanzfedern weder bei Männchen noch bei Weibchen mit der Färbung des Bauchgefieders. Die Länge der äußeren Schwanzfedern war bei den Geschlechtern unterschiedlich, jedoch fanden wir keine assortative Verpaarung über die Schwanzlänge. Dagegen fanden wir keinen Geschlechtsdichromatismus, allerdings eine assortative Verpaarung über die Kehlfärbung. Unsere korrelierenden Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Brutleistung männlicher Rauchschwalben assoziiert war mit Unterschieden in der Färbung ihres Bauchgefieders. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Farbe der Bauchfedern möglicherweise ein Ziel der sexuellen Selektion in dieser Population ist. Die Länge der äußeren Schwanzfedern unterliegt wahrscheinlich nicht der sexuellen Selektion. Dies ist konsistent mit Studien an anderen H. rustica gutturalis Populationen. Die wahrscheinlich der sexuellen Selektion unterliegende Bauchgefiederfärbung ist in Teilen übereinstimmend mit früheren Untersuchungen an japanischen Rauchschwalben, in denen die Kehlfärbung der Männchen, jedoch nicht die Bauchfärbung die sexuell selektierte Eigenschaft ist.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Prof. Zhengwang Zhang and colleagues of the Avian Research Group for generous facilities in the College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University. We are also grateful to Prof. Stephen Rossiter, Prof. Richard Nichols, Prof. Tim Blackburn and Dr Jon Blount for their guidance on Yu Liu’s Ph.D. project, of which this study is a part. Financial support was provided by the China Scholarship Council and Queen Mary, University of London. The experiments comply with the current laws of China, where they were performed. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers whose comments helped improve the clarity of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yu Liu.

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Communicated by O. Krüger.

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Liu, Y., Scordato, E.S.C., Safran, R. et al. Ventral colour, not tail streamer length, is associated with seasonal reproductive performance in a Chinese population of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica gutturalis). J Ornithol 159, 675–685 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1555-y

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