Abstract
While sexual signalling often compromises camouflage, some traits, including avian barred plumage, have been suggested to function simultaneously in camouflage and sexual signalling. Compared to coloration without pigmentation patterns, visual patterns are often beneficial for camouflage, and the precise arrangement of parallel bars in the pigmentation patterns of barred plumage may, at close range, provide cues on plumage quality useful for signalling. We used diurnal raptors, which benefit from camouflage for hunting in daylight, to test whether the evolution of some pigmentation patterns is associated with traits indicative of sexual selection. Phylogenetic regressions showed a negative association between the extent of barred and mottled plumage. There was also a negative association between the extent of ornamental colours and mottled plumage, thought to function mostly for camouflage, indicating a compromise between ornamentation and camouflage. The trade-off between ornamental colours and barred plumage was weaker than the one with mottled plumage, consistent with the hypothesis that barred plumage at times evolves for camouflage, similarly to mottled plumage, but at times can be co-opted for signalling together with ornamental colours. However, both barred plumage and ornamental coloration were only weakly related to socioecological traits suggestive of increased sexual selection. Therefore, despite differences in evolution between mottled and barred plumage in raptors, suggesting that the latter has more diverse functions than camouflage alone, behavioural research is needed to confirm the possible dual function of barred plumage as an ornamental trait.
Zusammenfassung
Muster der Gefiederpigmentierung bei tagaktiven Greifvögeln in Relation zu farblicher Ornamentierung und Ökologie
Während sexuelle Signale oft die Tarnung beeinträchtigen, wird vermutet, dass manche Merkmale, darunter auch die Sperberung beim Vogelgefieder, gleichzeitig der Tarnung als auch als Signal ans andere Geschlecht dienen können. Im Vergleich zur Färbung ohne Pigmentierungsmuster sind optische Muster oft hilfreich für die Tarnung und die genaue Anordnung der Parallelstreifen im Pigmentierungsmuster gesperberten Gefieders kann aus der Nähe Hinweise auf die Gefiederqualität geben, welche nützliche Signale darstellen. Um zu überprüfen, ob die Evolution mancher Pigmentierungsmuster mit Merkmalen zusammenhängt, welche auf sexuelle Selektion hindeuten, wählten wir tagaktive Greifvögel, für die eine Tarnfärbung auf der Jagd bei Tageslicht vorteilhaft ist. Phylogenetische Regressionsanalysen zeigten einen negativen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß gesperberten beziehungsweise gefleckten Gefieders. Außerdem bestand ein negativer Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ausmaß an Farbornamenten und der Gefiederfleckung, bei der man hauptsächlich einen Tarneffekt annimmt, was auf einen Kompromiss zwischen Schmuck- und Tarnwirkung hindeutet. Der Kompromiss zwischen Farbornamenten und Gefiedersperberung war weniger deutlich als der bei Gefiederfleckung, was sich mit der Hypothese deckt, dass gesperbertes Gefieder manchmal – ähnlich wie geflecktes Gefieder - zu Tarnzwecken entwickelt wird, manchmal aber auch in Kombination mit Farbornamenten zur Signalübermittlung hinzugezogen werden kann. Allerdings standen sowohl Gefiedersperberung als auch Farbornamente nur in einem schwachen Zusammenhang mit sozioökologischen Merkmalen, die auf eine verstärkte sexuelle Selektion hinweisen. Trotz evolutiver Unterschiede zwischen geflecktem und gesperbertem Gefieder bei Greifvögeln, welche nahelegen, dass letzteres vielseitigere Funktionen hat, als nur der Tarnung zu dienen, sind weitere Verhaltensstudien notwendig, um eine eventuelle Doppelfunktion der Gefiedersperberung als Schmuckmerkmal zu bestätigen.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Frank Shufelt and Sage Kadow for permission to use the photographs in this article. This work was supported by grant PTDC/BIA-EVF/116758/2010 and fellowships SFRH/BPD/46873/2008 and SFRH/BPD/110165/2015 from the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. This comparative study was based on the literature and did not use live animals, and thus did not require legal permits.
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Communicated by O. Krüger.
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Gomes, A.C.R., Silva, R. & Cardoso, G.C. Plumage pigmentation patterns of diurnal raptors in relation to colour ornamentation and ecology. J Ornithol 159, 793–804 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1550-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1550-3