Abstract
Sperm competition, the competition among rival males’ sperm for the fertilization of a given female’s set of ova, is a powerful selective force shaping male reproductive traits such as sperm performance. Sperm morphology, the size and shape of the different parts of a spermatozoon, plays a major role in sperm swimming performance with consequences for a male’s sperm competitive ability and reproductive success. However, despite important implications for the evolution of sperm traits and associated reproductive strategies, the intraspecific relationships between sperm morphology and sperm swimming performance remain unclear. Using wild Great Tits (Parus major), we quantified the among-male relationships between sperm morphological components and sperm swimming performance measured as sperm motility, sperm velocity, sperm swimming endurance, and sperm longevity. We also examined the within- and among-male relationships across sperm morphological traits. Sperm motility was positively correlated with sperm head length and sperm total length while sperm velocity was positively related to sperm midpiece length. In contrast, sperm swimming endurance and longevity were unrelated to any sperm morphological trait. We also observed positive among-male correlations among sperm morphological traits and substantial within-male variation in those traits, which potentially reflects antagonistic selection pressures acting on sperm morphology. Our study shows that sperm morphological components predict different aspects of sperm swimming performance in passerine birds though these relationships were rather weak. Overall, longer sperm morphological components were associated with faster and more motile sperm, which may transfer into higher reproductive success.
Zusammenfassung
Zusammenhang zwischen Morphologie und Schwimmvermögen von Spermien bei Kohlmeisen Parus major
Spermienkonkurrenz, die Konkurrenz zwischen den Samenzellen rivalisierender Männchen um die Befruchtung eines Weibchens, ist eine sehr starke selektive Kraft bei der Ausbildung erfolgreicher Reproduktions-Eigenschaften wie zum Beispiel der Leistungsfähigkeit von Spermien. Die Spermien-Morphologie, also die Größe und Form der unterschiedlichen Teile einer Samenzelle, spielt für ihre Schwimmfähigkeit eine große Rolle, mit Auswirkungen auf die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der Samenzellen und damit auf den Fortpflanzungserfolg des betreffenden Männchen. Aber ungeachtet der großen Bedeutung für die Evolution der Eigenschaften von Spermien und der damit verbundenen Fortpflanzungsstrategien, ist der innerartliche Zusammenhang zwischen Spermien-Morphologie und ihrem Schwimmvermögen nach wie vor unklar. Für Männchen von Wildfängen der Kohlmeise quantifizierten wir Zusammenhänge zwischen den morphologischen Eigenheiten der Spermien und ihrer Schwimmfähigkeit, gemessen anhand ihrer Beweglichkeit, Geschwindigkeit, Schwimm-Ausdauer und ihrer Lebensspanne. Ferner erfassten und verglichen wir die morphologischen Eigenschaften der Spermien eines einzigen Männchen sowie die innerhalb der ganzen Gruppe der getesteten Männchen. Die Spermien-Beweglichkeit korrelierte positiv mit der Länge des Spermienkopfs sowie mit der gesamten Länge der Spermien, während die Geschwindigkeit positiv mit der Länge des mittleren Abschnitts der Spermien korrelierte. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Schwimmausdauer und Langlebigkkeit der Spermien und ihren morphologischen Eigenschaften gefunden werden. Wir stellten außerdem für die Männchen der Gruppe eine positive Korrelation zwischen den morphologischen Eigenschaften der Spermien fest, wobei diese Eigenschaften innerhalb der einzelnen Individuen stark variierten. Das deutet auf einen möglichen antagonistischen Selektionsdruck auf die Spermien-Morphologie hin. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, dass bei Sperlingsvögeln von morphologischen Gegebenheiten eines Spermiums auf dessen Schwimmfähigkeit geschlossen werden kann, wobei diese Zusammenhänge jedoch recht schwach ausgeprägt waren. Generell kann man sagen, dass längere Spermien und Spermienabschnitte schnellere und beweglichere Spermien bedeuten, was zu einem größeren Fortpflanzungserfolg von diesen führen könnte.


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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Benoit Gaude, Celia Rubrecht, and Geraldine Prager for field assistance.
Funding
Field data collection was financially supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Grant to Prof. Heinz Richner. The data were analyzed and the manuscript written while FH was financially supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation Grant.
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SL and FH conceived the study. SL collected the data and conducted the statistical analyses. SL and FH wrote the manuscript.
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The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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This work was conducted under license of the Ethical Committee of the Agricultural Office of the Canton Bern (Switzerland). Ringing permits were provided by the Swiss Federal Agency for Environment, Forests and Landscapes and the Swiss Ornithological Institute (Sempach, Switzerland).
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Data used in this study is available in the Excel file provided as supplementary material.
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Communicated by F. Bairlein.
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Losdat, S., Helfenstein, F. Relationships between sperm morphological traits and sperm swimming performance in wild Great Tits (Parus major). J Ornithol 159, 805–814 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1539-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-018-1539-y


