Abstract
Birds often mob potential predators, which alerts other prey individuals of the danger and drives the predator away. Participation in, or increased intensity of mobbing is often associated with breeding activity suggesting an important function in the defense of nests and young. Less is known about bird mobbing of snakes, however, although these are important predators of birds, particularly at nests in tropical forests. Here, we report observations of mobbing behavior, some escalating into fatal attacks, of snakes by individuals of a tropical bird species, the Fasciated Antshrike (Cymbilaimus lineatus). In addition, we conducted snake-model presentations when Fasciated Antshrike pairs had active nests, and when not nesting, to examine the extent that pairs maintain a mobbing response outside of the nesting period. Pairs approached the snake model on average within 59 s (range 15–120 s) and 0.9 m (0.1–5 m) with no difference with nesting status. Our observations of mobbing behavior and fatal attacks suggest that passerines can also present a threat to potential snake predators and that mobbing is likely important in influencing predation rate. Mobbing when not nesting may be important in predator deterrence in bird species with year-round residency, and could influence territory quality and reproductive success. Forest birds that hunt large insects or other potentially dangerous prey may have morphological and cognitive specializations that help them to effectively mount a successful attack against predatory snakes.
Zusammenfassung
Hassen und tödliche Angriffe auf Schlangen durch Zebraameisenwürger (Cymbilaimus lineatus) Häufig hassen Vögel auf potenzielle Prädatoren, wodurch andere Beuteindividuen vor der Gefahr gewarnt und der Beutegreifer vertrieben werden. Die Beteiligung am Hassen beziehungsweise eine verstärkte Hassintensität steht oft mit Brutaktivitäten im Zusammenhang, was auf eine wichtige Funktion bei der Verteidigung von Nestern und Jungvögeln hindeutet. Weniger ist über Vögel bekannt, welche auf Schlangen hassen, dabei stellen diese in Tropenwäldern bedeutende Prädatoren, speziell von Nestern, dar. Hier schildern wir Beobachtungen von Hassverhalten auf Schlangen durch Individuen einer tropischen Vogelart, dem Zebraameisenwürger (Cymbilaimus lineatus), von denen manche zu tödlichen Angriffen eskalierten. Darüber hinaus führten wir Versuche mit Schlangenattrappen durch, sowohl an Paaren mit aktiven Nestern als auch an nicht nistenden Paaren, um das Ausmaß zu bestimmen, zu dem Paare auch außerhalb der Nistperiode Hassverhalten zeigen. Die Paare näherten sich der Schlangenattrappe im Schnitt innerhalb von 59 s (Variationsbreite 15–120 s) auf 0,9 m (Variationsbreite 0,1–5 m), ohne Unterschiede bezüglich des Neststatus. Unsere Beobachtungen von Hassverhalten und tödlichen Angriffen legen nahe, dass Singvögel auch eine Bedrohung für potenzielle Schlangenprädatoren darstellen können und dass Hassverhalten wahrscheinlich einen wichtigen Einfluss auf die Prädationsrate nimmt. Außerhalb der Nistzeit könnte Hassverhalten bei Arten, welche ihre Reviere ganzjährig besetzen, wichtig für die Abschreckung von Beutegreifern sein und somit die Revierqualität und den Reproduktionserfolg beeinflussen. Waldvögel, die Großinsekten und andere potenziell gefährliche Beutetiere jagen, könnten über morphologische und kognitive Spezialisierungen verfügen, welche ihnen dabei helfen, effektiv einen erfolgreichen Angriff auf räuberische Schlangen zu starten.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to N. Sarco, M. Barria, T. Hince, and J. Ortega for sharing their observations and photos of Antshrikes/snake attacks. We thank B. Schlinger and E. Leigh for helpful comments on previous drafts of this manuscript. We thank the E. Eisenmann Discovery Center for allowing us to conduct playback experiments on their property. We thank the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) Visitor’s Office, especially Raineldo Urriola, and STRI Academic Programs for logistical support while doing fieldwork in Panama. We are grateful to the Panamanian Autoridad Nacional del Ambiente for providing research permits and to Authoridad del Canal de Panama for allowing access to sites near Gamboa. The experiments comply with current Panamanian laws.
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Communicated by O. Krüger.
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Chiver, I., Jaramillo, C.A. & Morton, E.S. Mobbing behavior and fatal attacks on snakes by Fasciated Antshrikes (Cymbilaimus lineatus). J Ornithol 158, 935–942 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1452-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1452-9