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Energy saving of aerial roosting Swifts by dynamic flap-gliding flight

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Abstract

A modelling approach is presented for describing the unique flight mode of aerial roosting Swifts. With reference to measurement results, a mathematical model of this flight mode is developed that describes the energy state of the bird and, in an expanded version, allows for unsteady motion characteristics caused by brief force impulses associated with short flapping and gliding phases. Because of these unsteady effects, the flight mode is here termed ‘dynamic flap-gliding flight’. Results are presented on the mechanical power output, which is the relevant performance quantity for the energy cost of aerial roosting Swifts. It is shown that dynamic flap-gliding flight yields a significant energy saving when compared with the best continuous flapping flight. The flapping ratio has a considerable effect, with the result that the energy saving is the higher the smaller the flapping ratio. Furthermore, the duration of the flap-gliding cycle, which is varied by aerial roosting Swifts in a wide range, has only a minor effect. Introducing an appropriate non-dimensionalization of the governing relations, results which are less sensitive to uncertainties in model parameters are obtained.

Zusammenfassung

Energieeinsparung in der Luft nächtigender Mauersegler durch dynamischen Schlag-Gleit-Flug Ein Modellierungsansatz zur Beschreibung der Flugmethode in der Luft nächtigender Mauersegler wird vorgelegt. Mit Bezug zu Messergebnissen wird ein mathematisches Modell dieser Flugmethode entwickelt, das den Energiezustand des Vogels beschreibt und in einer erweiterten Version auch instationäre Bewegungselemente erfasst, die durch kurze Kraftimpulse in der Schlag- und Gleitphase entstehen. Aufgrund der instationären Effekte wird die Flugmethode hier als dynamischer Schlag-Gleit-Flug bezeichnet. Ergebnisse werden für die aufzubringende mechanische Leistung vorgelegt, die die relevante Größe für den Energieaufwand in der Luft nächtigender Mauersegler ist. Es wird gezeigt, dass der dynamische Schlag-Gleit-Flug eine signifikante Einsparung des Energieaufwandes im Vergleich zum bestmöglichen kontinuierlichem Schlagflug ergibt. Das Schlagverhältnis übt einen erheblichen Einfluss aus, wobei die Energieeinsparung umso höher ist, je kleiner das Schlagverhältnis gemacht werden kann. Weiter wird gezeigt, dass die Zykluszeit beim Schlag-Gleit-Flug, die von den in der Luft nächtigenden Mauerseglern in einem weiten Bereich variiert wird, nur einen kleinen Einfluss hat. Durch eine geeignete Dimensionslosmachung der bestimmenden mathematischen Beziehungen werden Ergebnisse erzielt, die weniger empfindlich gegenüber Unsicherheiten in den Modellparametern sind.

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Fig. 1

Picture detail reproduced from Bruderer and Weitnauer (1972)

Fig. 2a–c
Fig. 3

Adapted from Weitnauer (2005) and Bruderer and Weitnauer (1972)

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Correspondence to Gottfried Sachs.

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Communicated by A. Hedenström.

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Sachs, G. Energy saving of aerial roosting Swifts by dynamic flap-gliding flight. J Ornithol 158, 943–953 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1447-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-017-1447-6

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