Skip to main content
Log in

Injury feigning in the Savanna Nightjar: a test of the vulnerability and brood value hypotheses

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Ornithology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Nest predation is a major threat to the survival of young birds and is thus a crucial selective pressure influencing the evolution of life history traits. Injury feigning is a nest-defense mechanism in which the parents attract the attention of predators to secure their offspring. Because parents may incur a cost from injury feigning, they should adjust their injury-feigning behavior to different situations to maximize fitness. In this study, we used the Savanna Nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis, as a model organism to test the vulnerability and brood value hypotheses for predicting the occurrence of injury-feigning behavior. A field study was performed between 2006 and 2012, and observations were recorded from 123 nests. Both nestling movement and injury feigning increased after hatching, reached their peak at a nestling age of 8–10 days, and then declined afterward. In addition, the frequency of injury feigning by the female differed between habitats, being higher in a low-plant-cover habitat than in a high-plant-cover habitat. Both findings are consistent with the vulnerability hypothesis. By contrast, the intensity of injury-feigning behavior did not linearly increase with nestling age and brood size; thus, the brood value hypothesis was not supported.

Zusammenfassung

Das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen bei der Savannen-Nachtschwalbe ( Caprimulgus affinis ): ein Test der “vulnerability hypothesis” und der “brood value hypothesis”

Nesträuber sind eine Hauptbedrohung für das Überleben von Jungvögeln und stellen somit einen sehr wichtigen Selektionsdruck für die Entwicklung von “life history traits” (Verhaltenseigenheiten in der Lebensgeschichte) dar. Verletzungen vorzutäuschen ist dabei ein Verteidigungsmechanismus für das Nest, bei dem die Elterntiere die Aufmerksamkeit des Nesträubers auf sich ziehen und so ihre Jungen in Sicherheit bringen. Weil das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen den Elterntieren gewisse “Investitionskosten” verursacht, sollten sie die Ausprägung dieser Verhaltensweise an unterschiedliche Situationen anpassen können, um die “fitness”, das Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis, zu maximieren. In unserer Untersuchung benutzten wir die Savannen-Nachtschwalbe (Caprimulgus affinis) als Modell-Organismus, um zu testen, wie weit die “vulnerability hypothesis” und/oder die “brood value hypothesis” geeignet sind, das Auftreten von Verletzungsvortäuschung vorherzusagen. Von 2006 bis 2012 wurden Freilandbeobachtungen an 123 Nestern aufgezeichnet. Sowohl das Bewegen der Nestlinge als auch das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen wuchs nach dem Schlüpfen an, erreichte den höchsten Wert, als die Nestlinge acht bis zehn Tage alt waren und ging dann wieder zurück. Außerdem hing beim Weibchen die Häufigkeit dieses Verhaltens vom umgebenden Habitat ab: in niedrigem Bewuchs trat es häufiger auf als in Habitaten mit hohem Bewuchs. Beide Ergebnisse unterstützen die “vulnerability hypothesis”. Die Intensität des Täuschungsverhaltens stieg dahingegen nicht linear mit dem Alter der Nestlinge oder der Gelegegröße an; somit wird die “brood value hypothesis” von unseren Ergebnissen nicht unterstützt.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. Autom Control IEEE Trans 19(6):716–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson M, Wiklund CG, Rundgren H (1980) Parental defence of offspring: a model and an example. Anim Behav 28:536–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong EA (1954) The ecology of distraction display. Br J Anim Behav 2:121–135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barash DP (1975) Evolutionary aspects of parental behavior: distraction display of the Alpine Accentor. Wilson Bull 87:367–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartoń K (2014) MuMIn: multi-model inference. R package version 1.10.0. http://cran.r-project.org/package=MuMIn. Accessed 1 June 2015

  • Bates D, Maechler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2014) lme4: linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1.1–7. This is computer program (R package) the URL of the package is: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4

  • Bengtson SA (1970) Breeding behaviour of the Purple Sandpiper Calidris maritima in West Spitsbergen. Ornis Scand 1:17–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brazil M, Nurney D (2010) Field guide to the birds of East Asia; Eastern China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and Eastern Russia. Helm, London

  • Breitwisch R (1988) Sex-differences in defense of eggs and nestlings by Northern Mockingbirds, Mimus Polyglottos. Anim Behav 36:62–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunton DH (1986) Fatal antipredator behavior of a Killdeer. Wilson Bull 98:605–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunton DH (1988) Energy-expenditure in reproductive effort of male and female Killdeer (Charadrius Vociferus). Auk 105:553–564

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunton DH (1990) The effects of nesting stage, sex, and type of predator on parental defense by Killdeer (Charadrius vociferous): testing models of avian parental defense. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26:181–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burger J, Gochfeld M, Saliva JE, Gochfeld D, Gochfeld D, Morales H (1989) Antipredator behaviour in nesting Zenaida Doves (Zenaida aurita): parental investment or offspring vulnerability. Behaviour 111:129–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference—a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal I (1987) Antipredator behavior and breeding success in greater Golden-Plover and Eurasian dotterel. Condor 89:40–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal I (1991) The role of drive conflicts as a mechanism for nest-protection behaviour in the shorebird Pluvialis dominica. Ethology 87:149–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnov EL, Krebs JR (1974) On clutch-size and fitness. Ibis 116:217–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colebrook-Robjent J (1984) Nests and eggs of some African Nightjars. Ostrich 55:5–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobson AJ (2002) An introduction to generalized linear models, 2nd edn. Chapman & Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Fontaine JJ, Martin TE (2006) Parent birds assess nest predation risk and adjust their reproductive strategies. Ecol Lett 9:428–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gargallo G (1994) Flight feather moult in the Red-necked Nightjar Caprimulgus ruficollis. J Avian Biol 25:119–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghalambor CK, Martin TE (2001) Fecundity-survival trade-offs and parental risk-taking in birds. Science 292:494–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb TC (1998) Tufted Titmouse. Stackpole, Mechanicsburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Hobbs JN (1972) Breeding of Red-capped Dotterel at Fletcher’s Lake Dareton, NSW. Emu 72:121–125

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horsfield T (1821) A systematic arrangement and description of birds from the island of Java. Trans Linn Soc London 13:142

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyo Jd, Bierregaard R (1999) Handbook of the birds of the world 5. Lynx, Barcelona

  • Hudson PJ, Newborn D (1990) Brood defence in a precocial species: variations in the distraction displays of Red Grouse, Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Anim Behav 40:254–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hustler K, Mitchell B (1997) The first breeding record and further comments on the status of the Swamp Nightjar in Zimbabwe. Honeyguide 43:147–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingels J, Ribot JH, de Jong BH (1984) Vulnerability of eggs and young of the Blackish Nightjar (Caprimulgus nigrescens) in Suriname. Auk 101:388–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Jukkala G, Piper W (2015) Common Loon parents defend chicks according to both value and vulnerability. J Avian Biol 46:001–008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin WL, Wang Y (2009) The ecological research of Savanna Nightjars (Caprimulgus affinis). Report Taiwan Forest Bureau Conservation and Research Series, No. 97-18. Taipei, Taiwan

  • Martin TE, Scott J, Menge C (2000) Nest predation increases with parental activity: separating nest site and parental activity effects. Proc R Soc Lond B 267: 2287–2293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLean IG, Smith JNM, Stewart KG (1986) Mobbing behaviour, nest exposure, and breeding success in the American Robin. Behaviour 96:171–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomerie RD, Weatherhead PJ (1988) Risks and rewards of nest defense by parent birds. Q Rev Biol 63:167–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nur N (1984) Increased reproductive success with age in the California Gull—due to increased effort or improvement of skill? Oikos 43:407–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Onnebrink H, Curio E (1991) Brood defense and age of young—a test of the vulnerability hypothesis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 29:61–68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson TL, Petrinovich L, James DK (1980) Reproductive value and appropriateness of response to predators by white-crowned sparrows. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 7:227–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro J, Bates D, DebRoy S, Sarkar D (2007) Linear and nonlinear mixed effects models. R package version 3:57

  • R Development Core Team (2014) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. http://www.r-project.org/. Accessed 1 June 2015

  • Redondo T, Carranza J (1989) Offspring reproductive value and nest defense in the Magpie (Pica pica). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 25:369–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricklefs RE (1969) An analysis of nesting mortality in birds. Smithson Contrib Zool 9:1–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skutch AF (1972) Studies of tropical American birds. The Club, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Solano-Ugalde A, Vits C, Ingels J (2012) Notes on the breeding of the Blackish Nightjar (Caprimulgus nigrescens) in south-eastern Ecuador, including the first record of aberrantly coloured juveniles. Bol Soc Antioqueña Orn 21:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Steyn P (1971) Notes on the breeding biology of the Freckled Nightjar. Ostrich 42:179–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thornhill R (1989) Nest defense by Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) hens—the roles of renesting potential, parental experience and brood reproductive value. Ethology 83:31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari J, Dadu M (2010) Nesting of Sykes’s Nightjar Caprimulgus mahrattensis in the Great Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Indian Birds 5:151–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolonen P, Korpimaki E (1995) Parental effort of Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in nest defense: effects of laying time, brood size, and varying survival prospects of offspring. Behav Ecol 6:435–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins IR (1942) The” injury feigning” behavior of the Florida Nighthawk. Wilson Bull 54:43–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Tryjanowski P, Goławski A (2004) Sex differences in nest defence by the Red-Backed Shrike Lanius collurio: effects of offspring age, brood size, and stage of breeding season. J Ethol 22:13–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiklund CG (1990) Offspring protection by Merlin Falco columbarius females; the importance of brood size and expected offspring survival for defense of young. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26:217–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson FA (2009) Observations on the breeding biology of the Silky-tailed Nightjar (Caprimulgus sericocaudatus mengeli). Wilson J Ornithol 121:498–505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams GC (1966) Natural selection, the costs of reproduction, and a refinement of Lack’s principle. Am Nat 100:687–690

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler DW (1987) A general model for parental care. Am Nat 130:526–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Shue-Ru Wu and Tzu-Yang Lin for helping with the fieldwork. We would like to thank Pei-Jen Lee Shaner for valuable comments on the statistical analysis. This research was funded by the Taiwanese Forestry Bureau (97-18) and Taichung City Government. None of the funders had any influence on the content of the submitted or published manuscript. None of the funders required approval of the final manuscript for it to be published.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wen-Loung Lin.

Ethics declarations

All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by O. Krüger.

S.-P. Tseng and Y.-Y. Lin contributed equally to this paper.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (DOCX 8725 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tseng, SP., Lin, YY., Yang, YC. et al. Injury feigning in the Savanna Nightjar: a test of the vulnerability and brood value hypotheses. J Ornithol 158, 507–516 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1400-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1400-0

Keywords

Navigation