Abstract
Nest predation is a major threat to the survival of young birds and is thus a crucial selective pressure influencing the evolution of life history traits. Injury feigning is a nest-defense mechanism in which the parents attract the attention of predators to secure their offspring. Because parents may incur a cost from injury feigning, they should adjust their injury-feigning behavior to different situations to maximize fitness. In this study, we used the Savanna Nightjar, Caprimulgus affinis, as a model organism to test the vulnerability and brood value hypotheses for predicting the occurrence of injury-feigning behavior. A field study was performed between 2006 and 2012, and observations were recorded from 123 nests. Both nestling movement and injury feigning increased after hatching, reached their peak at a nestling age of 8–10 days, and then declined afterward. In addition, the frequency of injury feigning by the female differed between habitats, being higher in a low-plant-cover habitat than in a high-plant-cover habitat. Both findings are consistent with the vulnerability hypothesis. By contrast, the intensity of injury-feigning behavior did not linearly increase with nestling age and brood size; thus, the brood value hypothesis was not supported.
Zusammenfassung
Das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen bei der Savannen-Nachtschwalbe ( Caprimulgus affinis ): ein Test der “vulnerability hypothesis” und der “brood value hypothesis”
Nesträuber sind eine Hauptbedrohung für das Überleben von Jungvögeln und stellen somit einen sehr wichtigen Selektionsdruck für die Entwicklung von “life history traits” (Verhaltenseigenheiten in der Lebensgeschichte) dar. Verletzungen vorzutäuschen ist dabei ein Verteidigungsmechanismus für das Nest, bei dem die Elterntiere die Aufmerksamkeit des Nesträubers auf sich ziehen und so ihre Jungen in Sicherheit bringen. Weil das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen den Elterntieren gewisse “Investitionskosten” verursacht, sollten sie die Ausprägung dieser Verhaltensweise an unterschiedliche Situationen anpassen können, um die “fitness”, das Kosten-Nutzen-Verhältnis, zu maximieren. In unserer Untersuchung benutzten wir die Savannen-Nachtschwalbe (Caprimulgus affinis) als Modell-Organismus, um zu testen, wie weit die “vulnerability hypothesis” und/oder die “brood value hypothesis” geeignet sind, das Auftreten von Verletzungsvortäuschung vorherzusagen. Von 2006 bis 2012 wurden Freilandbeobachtungen an 123 Nestern aufgezeichnet. Sowohl das Bewegen der Nestlinge als auch das Vortäuschen von Verletzungen wuchs nach dem Schlüpfen an, erreichte den höchsten Wert, als die Nestlinge acht bis zehn Tage alt waren und ging dann wieder zurück. Außerdem hing beim Weibchen die Häufigkeit dieses Verhaltens vom umgebenden Habitat ab: in niedrigem Bewuchs trat es häufiger auf als in Habitaten mit hohem Bewuchs. Beide Ergebnisse unterstützen die “vulnerability hypothesis”. Die Intensität des Täuschungsverhaltens stieg dahingegen nicht linear mit dem Alter der Nestlinge oder der Gelegegröße an; somit wird die “brood value hypothesis” von unseren Ergebnissen nicht unterstützt.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Shue-Ru Wu and Tzu-Yang Lin for helping with the fieldwork. We would like to thank Pei-Jen Lee Shaner for valuable comments on the statistical analysis. This research was funded by the Taiwanese Forestry Bureau (97-18) and Taichung City Government. None of the funders had any influence on the content of the submitted or published manuscript. None of the funders required approval of the final manuscript for it to be published.
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Communicated by O. Krüger.
S.-P. Tseng and Y.-Y. Lin contributed equally to this paper.
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Tseng, SP., Lin, YY., Yang, YC. et al. Injury feigning in the Savanna Nightjar: a test of the vulnerability and brood value hypotheses. J Ornithol 158, 507–516 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1400-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1400-0