Abstract
Ecological segregation and interspecific territoriality can reduce exploitative competition in morphologically and ecologically very similar species allowing their coexistence. We studied habitat use and features, ecomorphology and homo- and heterospecific playback responses in the similar and sympatric Red-and-white Crake (Laterallus leucopyrrhus) and Rufous-sided Crake (Laterallus melanophaius) on the coast of the Río de la Plata, Argentina. We carried out playback sessions with stimuli of both crakes in four habitat types potentially used by them across the four seasons (coastal humid scrub, bulrush, floodable grassland and exotic yellow iris). Crakes were segregated year-round by habitat, with minor overlap: Red-and-white Crakes used bulrush, while Rufous-sided Crakes used coastal humid scrub. Patterns of habitat use were the same when using homo- or heterospecific playback stimuli, and both species responded similarly to homo- and heterospecific playback trials in their selected habitats. Crakes were morphologically distinct and some of their differences can be related to habitat features and resource exploitation: Red-and-white Crakes had longer tarsi and “blunt” bills and inhabited the deeper and denser bulrush, while Rufous-sided Crakes had shorter tarsi and “dagger” bills and inhabited the shallower and more open coastal humid scrub. Habitat use resulting in spatial segregation in these crakes seems to be more related to specific abilities to exploit different habitats than to interspecific competition or interspecific territoriality. Habitat adaptation would be more relevant within large patches of homogeneous and simple habitats selected by each Crake, while interspecific territoriality would gain importance at habitat boundaries with heterogeneous or intermediate conditions.
Zusammenfassung
Ökologische Trennung und vokale Interaktionen zweier sympatrischer Rallen ( Laterallus )
Ökologische Trennung und interspezifisches Territorialverhalten können ausbeuterische Konkurrenz bei morphologisch und ökologisch sehr ähnlichen Arten verringern und damit deren Koexistenz ermöglichen. Wir untersuchten die Habitat-Besonderheiten und dessen Nutzung, die Ökomorphologie und die homo- und hetero-spezifischen Playback-Antworten bei den sehr ähnlichen und sympatrischen Arten Weißbrustralle (Laterallus leucopyrrhus) und Rothalsralle (L. melanophaius) am Rio de la Plata, Argentinien. Dafür führten wir Playback-Sitzungen mit vokalen Stimuli beider Rallenarten und in denjenigen vier Habitat-Typen durch, die von den beiden Arten über die vier Jahreszeiten genutzt werden (feuchte Küsten-Macchia, Binsen und Schilf, regelmäßig überflutetes Grasland und Wasserschwertlilien). Die Rallen blieben rund ums Jahr mit nur kleinen Ausnahmen durch die Habitate voneinander getrennt: die Weißbrustrallen nutzten Binsen und Schilf, die Rothalsrallen die feuchte Küsten-Macchia. Die Art und Weise der Habitat-Nutzung blieb gleich, egal ob homo- oder heterospezifische Playback-Reize gegeben wurden, und beide Arten antworteten auf ähnliche Weise auf homo- und heterospezifische Playbacks in ihren jeweiligen Habitaten. Die Rallen sind morphologisch klar unterschiedlich, wobei einige Unterschiede auf die unterschiedlichen Habitat-Eigenschaften und Resourcen-Nutzung zurückgeführt werden können: die Weißbrustrallen haben längere Tarsi und stumpfe Schnäbel und leben im tieferen und dichteren Schilfdickicht, wohingegen die Rothalsrallen kürzere Tarsi und schärfere Schnäbel haben und die flachere und offenere Küsten-Macchia bewohnen. Ihre Habitat-Nutzung und die sich daraus ergebende räumliche Trennung scheinen bei beiden Rallen-Arten mehr von den jeweiligen Fähigkeiten abzuhängen, unterschiedliche Habitate zu nutzen als von interspezifischer Konkurrenz oder Territorialität. Eine Anpassung an ein Habitat wäre eher bei großen, zusammenhängenden Habitaten relevant, die sich jeweils eine Rallen-Art aussuchen würde, wohingegen interspezifisches Territorialverhalten dann eine Bedeutung hätte, wenn die Habitatgrenzen sehr heterogen wären oder es ausgeprägte Übergänge zwischen den Habitaten gäbe.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Federico Brissón Egli, Facundo Di Sallo, Giselle Mangini, Facundo Gandoy, Sol Gennuso and Emilio Jordan for companionship and help in the field. Rodrigo Altamirano helped with the statistical analyses. An anonymous, thorough reviewer provided useful criticism. Sebastian Preisz and Ramiro Comisso provided photos for Gabriel Baloriani’s illustrations. The Organismo Provincial para el Desarrollo Sostenible granted study permits, and all the rangers of the RNPL provided help. The Cornell Lab of Ornithology and Idea Wild supported us with equipment. This research was funded by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas and the Consejo Interuniversitario Nacional. The experiments comply with current Argentinian laws.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Catalogue numbers of recordings of duet trills of Red-and-White-Crake (Laterallus leucopyrrhus; n = 12) and Rufous-sided Crake (Laterallus melanophaius; n = 12) used to prepare playback stimuli (see “Methods” for details). All recordings archived at the Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds (http://www.maculaylibrary.org).
Red-and-white-Crake: 166715, 166716, 166718, 166719, 166726, 166730, 166732, 166736, 218282, 220425, 220427, 220428.
Rufous-sided Crake: 166727, 166728, 166731, 166735, 166735, 166737, 166738, 171001, 171728, 179205, 220356, 220357.
Appendix 2
Museum specimens of Red-and-white-Crake (L. leucopyrrhus; n = 22) and Rufous-sided Crake (L. melanophaius; n = 40) examined and measured for this study. Specimens are held at the IML, the MACN and the MLP.
Red-and-white Crake: IML: 2602, 2605, 2611, 9513, 9606, 12233. MACN: 2503a, 3706a, 4568a, 5415a, 8405, 8812, 9162, 9563, 9631, 9631, 9631, 9631, 35204, 40112, 40245, 43351. MLP: 5891, 5992, 13706, 13707.
Rufous-sided Crake: IML: 2606, 2607, 2608, 2610, 2612, 6967, 6968, 8860, 9398, 10413, 10414, 12853, 13502, 13995, 14997, 15143, 15194, 15195. MACN: 2052a, 2053a, 2633, 7436, 7436, 9291, 9631, 39217, 42141, 42142, 42143, 48383, 56104, 56345, 57561, 58795, 59378. MLP: 2990, 6845, 13710, 13985, 14124.
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Depino, E.A., Areta, J.I. Ecological segregation and vocal interactions in two sympatric Laterallus crakes. J Ornithol 158, 431–441 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1397-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1397-4
Keywords
- Habitat use
- Playback
- Interspecific territoriality
- Ecomorphology
- Rallidae
- Neotropics