Abstract
Freshwater wetlands and marshes with extensive reed beds are important hotspots of biological diversity, but in the absence of proper management, they are subject to biotic homogenisation. We assessed the impact of spatiotemporally variable management by cattle grazing (for 4 years) and late-summer burning (1 or 3 years before the study) on both songbirds and non-passerines in a previously homogeneous reed bed. We surveyed birds using a combination of line transects and point counts in a quasi-experimental design comprising six treatment levels. Management increased both the diversity of marsh habitats and the diversity of bird species. The species richness and abundance of non-passerines (ducks and geese, wading birds, gulls and terns, rails, coots and grebes) was higher in recently burned than in unburned or old-burned patches. Species richness of farmland songbirds was higher in grazed than in non-grazed patches, and the richness and abundance of reed songbirds was higher in unburned, old-burned, and grazed patches than in recently burned patches. Total Shannon diversity and evenness of birds was lowest in areas with the most intensive treatment (patches grazed and twice-burned), whereas Simpson diversity was highest in these areas. Non-managed patches had fewer species and individuals of all groups except reed songbirds. The proportion of old reed was low in recently burned and grazed patches, and was similarly high in all other treatment areas. No other property of reed stands was influenced by management, and both the allocation and the effect of management were independent of water level. Spatiotemporally variable management by cattle grazing and late-summer burning may thus simultaneously benefit several groups of birds. The effect of burning alone disappeared in 3 years, even in the presence of grazing; thus it must be repeated every 2–3 years. We conclude that both management actions are necessary to establish and maintain highly diverse habitats for marshland bird communities.
Zusammenfassung
Habitatmanagement im Wandel von Raum und Zeit: der Effekt von Grasen und Feuer-Management auf Vögel der Sümpfe
Süßwasser-Feuchtgebiete und Sümpfe mit ausgebreiteten Schilfbetten sind wichtige Hotspots biologischer Diversität, sind aber bei fehlendem vernünftigem Management betroffen von biotischer Verarmung. Wir untersuchten den Einfluss von raumzeitlich verschiedenem Management durch Grasen von Rindern (über vier Jahre) und Abbrand im Spätsommer (ein oder drei Jahre vor der Untersuchung) sowohl auf Singvögel als auch auf Nicht-Singvögel in einem zuvor homogenen Schilfbett. Wir zählten Vögel in einer Kombination aus Linien-Transekten und Punkt-Zählungen in einem quasiexperimentellen Design aus sechs verschiedenen Bedingungen. Ein Management führte zu einer höheren Diversität der Sumpfhabitate und einer gesteigerten Diversität an Vögeln. Artenreichtum und Abundanz von Nicht-Singvögeln (Enten und Gänsen, Limikolen, Möwen und Seeschwalben, Rallen und Taucher) war höher in kürzlich abgebrannten als in nicht abgebrannten oder vor längerer Zeit abgebrannten Flächen. Der Artenreichtum von Singvögeln des Weidelands war höher in Flächen mit grasenden Rindern, als in solchen ohne, und Singvögel von Schilfgebieten zeigten einen höheren Artenreichtum und Abundanz in nicht abgebrannten, vor längerem abgebrannten oder von Vieh beweideten Flächen als in kürzlich abgebrannten Flächen. Die totale Shannon Diversität und Äquität von Vögeln war am geringsten, die Simpson Diversität dagegen am höchsten bei der intensivsten Behandlung der Flächen (Flächen mit grasenden Rindern und zweimal abgebrannt). Nicht gemanagte Flächen hatten weniger Arten und Individuen aller Gruppen außer Singvögeln von Schilfgebieten. Der Anteil alten Schilfs war gering in kürzlich abgebrannten und beweideten Flächen und ähnlich hoch in allen anderen Behandlungsformen. Keine andere Eigenschaft des Schilfs wurde durch das Management beeinflusst, und sowohl die Verteilung als auch die Auswirkung des Managements waren unabhängig vom Wasserstand. Raumzeitlich unterschiedliches Management durch Beweidung und Abbrand im Spätsommer könnte daher gleichzeitig verschiedenen Gruppen von Vögeln von Nutzen sein. Der Effekt durch Abbrand allein verschwand innerhalb von drei Jahren auch bei gleichzeitiger Beweidung, so dass es alle 2–3 Jahre wiederholt werden sollte. Wir kommen zum Schluss, dass beide Managementmaßnahmen notwendig sind, um eine hohe Diversität von Habitaten für Vogelgesellschaften von Sümpfen zu erhalten.
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Acknowledgments
We thank Hortobágy National Park for supporting the study. Large-scale habitat management was conducted in an EU LIFE-Nature project (LIFE04NAT/HU/000114, life2004.hnp.hu, Lengyel et al. 2012). The study was funded by three grants from the National Scientific Research Fund of Hungary (OTKA NNF 78887, NNF 85562, K 106133) to SL. We thank C. Battisti, T. Gottschalk, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.
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The authors each declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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Communicated by T. Gottschalk.
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Additional supplementary material may be found in the online version of this article: Supplementary Material Methods: Management needs: previous history, Fig. S1 Supplementary Material Results: Table S1, Table S2, Fig. S2 (DOC 1648 kb)
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Mérő, T.O., Lontay, L. & Lengyel, S. Habitat management varying in space and time: the effects of grazing and fire management on marshland birds. J Ornithol 156, 579–590 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1202-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1202-9
Keywords
- Habitat diversity
- Habitat heterogeneity
- Hortobágy National Park
- Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
- Mosaic vegetation
- Salt marsh