Abstract
Amongst seabirds, kleptoparasitism is one of the most common types of exploitation in which individuals compete for food already procured by another forager. Here, we analyzed the within-colony spatial movements and foraging of transponder-marked Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) during the chick-rearing period in relation to the terns’ trophic strategy (kleptoparasitic vs. honest). Attendance patterns (time spent at the colony site per day, number and locations of resting platforms used) were compared between kleptoparasitic (N = 11) and honest individuals (N = 26). A total of 725 kleptoparasitic attacks were recorded during the chick-rearing period at the colony site. We found sex differences in the tactic used for stealing food and the area chosen for attacks: females attacked in the vicinity of their nest, while males attacked further away. Significant differences were found between both groups in the spatial pattern: kleptoparasites (particularly males) used more resting platforms and moved more widely across the colony site than honest individuals, and parasitic females were present in the colony longer during the day than honest ones. Our results show a differential use of the colony site dependent on the foraging strategy. Parasitic birds used the colony site as a foraging patch, monitoring the colony and looking for kleptoparasitic feeding opportunities without compromising their parental roles. In contrast, honest individuals spent much time outside the colony foraging for their chicks.
Zusammenfassung
Futter stehlen bei Artgenossen: Räumliches Verhalten von kleptoparasitischen Flussseeschwalben Sterna hirundo innerhalb der Kolonie
Kleptoparasitismus ist bei Seevögeln eine wichtige Strategie zur Nahrungsbeschaffung, wobei Individuen um Nahrung konkurrieren, die ein anderer Vogel bereits erbeutet hat. In dieser Studie haben wir das räumliche Verhalten von transponder-markierten Flussseeschwalben (Sterna hirundo) in der Kolonie während der Küken-Aufzuchtsphase untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden Fütterungsbeobachtungen in Relation zur Strategie der Individuen (kleptoparasitisch vs. nicht-kleptoparasitisch) durchgeführt. Die Anwesenheitsmuster (verbrachte Zeit pro Tag in der Kolonie, Anzahl der aufgesuchten Rastplätze) zwischen kleptoparasitischen (N = 11) und nicht-kleptoparasitischen (N = 26) Individuen wurden verglichen. Insgesamt konnten 725 kleptoparasitische Attacken während der Aufzuchtsphase in der Kolonie registriert werden. Bei den Kleptoparasiten haben wir geschlechtsabhängige Unterschiede sowohl bei der angewandten Taktik als auch dem Gebiet, indem die Attacken stattfanden, beobachtet: Während die Weibchen den Artgenossen die Beute vorwiegend in der Nähe ihres eigenen Nestes streitig machten, nutzen Männchen auch weiter weg gelegene Gebiete der Kolonie. Außerdem wurden auch Differenzen im räumlichen Verhalten der beiden Gruppen gefunden: Kleptoparasitische Männchen nutzen mehr Rastplätze und bewegten sich weiter durch die Kolonie als nicht-kleptoparasitische Männchen. Auf der anderen Seite hielten sich die kleptoparasitischen Weibchen pro Tag länger in der Kolonie auf als die nicht-kleptoparasitischen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich eine unterschiedliche Nutzung der Kolonie abhängig von der Strategie bei der Nahrungssuche. Kleptoparasitische Individuen nutzen die Kolonie selbst als Jagdgebiet und warteten bis sich eine Gelegenheit zum Futter stehlen ergab, ohne dabei die elterliche Fürsorge ihrer Jungen zu beeinträchtigen. Im Gegensatz dazu müssen die ehrlich jagenden Flussseschwalben viel Zeit außerhalb der Kolonie zur Nahrungssuche aufwenden, um den Nachwuchs aufzuziehen.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Götz Wagenknecht, Lesley Szostek, Sabrina Hoffmann, Benedikt Holtmann, and all other team members in this long-term project for providing logistic assistance during the study. Thanks to anonymous reviewers, Hans Källander, and Jane Ashworth (language editing) for significant contributions to revisions of the manuscript. G.G. was supported by the Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst (DAAD, Germany) and a postdoctoral scholarship from the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Argentina). This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Be 916/8-3 and 9), and Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (AGENCIA, grant PICT 2011-0174).
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García, G.O., Riechert, J., Favero, M. et al. Stealing food from conspecifics: spatial behavior of kleptoparasitic Common Terns Sterna hirundo within the colony site. J Ornithol 155, 777–783 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1066-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-014-1066-4