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Complementing the puzzle of Eleonora’s Falcon (Falco eleonorae) migration: new evidence from an eastern colony in the Aegean Sea

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Abstract

Eleonora’s Falcon (Falco eleonorae) is an endemic breeder of the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands that overwinters in Madagascar and surrounding areas. Recent telemetry studies have revealed the migratory journey of falcons from the western and central Mediterranean breeding colonies. Our study complements the puzzle of the species’ migration providing data from an eastern Mediterranean breeding colony. In this paper, we describe for the first time the migratory routes of four falcons originating from the Aegean Sea, the core of the species’ breeding range. We tracked two adults and two immature siblings to their wintering grounds in Madagascar. According to our results, the timing of migration was consistent with previous studies. Our findings also suggest that the falcons adjust their flight speed according to the environmental conditions encountered en route, by accelerating during open-sea and desert crossings and by slowing down in potential foraging areas. Moreover, the selection of common staging areas, both among the two siblings and among the two adults, highlights the role of these areas in the migratory cycle of the species. Finally, according to the home-range analysis on the wintering grounds, space use was rather variable across the four tracked falcons. Still, the falcons were more frequently observed within the submontane forest, one of the last patches of primary rainforest in Madagascar. Thus, future studies aiming at unveiling the ecological requirements of the species in its wintering quarters are considered as top priority.

Zusammenfassung

Ein weiterer Beitrag zur Lösung des Rätsels über den Zugweg des Eleonorenfalken ( Falco eleonorae ): neue Erkenntnisse aus einer östlichen Kolonie in der Ägäis

Der Eleonorenfalke (Falco eleonorae) ist ein Brutvogel, der ausschließlich auf Mittelmeerinseln und den Kanaren brütet und der in Madagaskar überwintert. Durch neuere Telemetriestudien konnte der Verlauf der Zugwege von Falken aus westlichen und zentralen Brutkolonien ermittelt werden. Die vorliegende Studie vervollständigt die bisherigen Erkenntnisse, da sie Daten zu den Zugwegen von Falken aus den östlichen Kolonien liefert. Hier zeigen wir erstmals die Zugrouten von vier Falken aus dem östlichen Verbreitungsareal der Ägäis, dem Hauptverbreitungsgebiet des Eleonorenfalken. Wir verfolgten zwei adulte Falken und zwei juvenile Nestgeschwister per Satellitentelemetrie bis zu ihrem Überwinterungsgebiet auf Madagaskar. Unsere Ergebnisse zum zeitlichen Ablauf des Zuges stimmen mit denen früherer Studien überein. Wir fanden außerdem heraus, dass die Falken ihre Zuggeschwindigkeit an die während des Zuges auftretenden Bedingungen anpassen, indem sie während der Überquerung größerer Wassermassen die Geschwindigkeit steigern und diese in für die Jagd geeigneten Gebieten drosseln. Darüber hinaus zeigt die Wahl von Rastgebieten sowohl bei den adulten als auch bei den juvenilen Falken deren Bedeutung während des Zuges. Durch eine Analyse der Aktionsräume im Wintergebiet fanden wir heraus, dass die räumliche Nutzung des Habitats innerhalb der untersuchten Individuen sehr variabel war. Insgesamt wurden die Falken häufiger in submontanem Regenwald lokalisiert, einem der letzten zusammenhängenden Regenwaldgebiete Madagaskars. Zukünftige Studien zu den ökologischen Habitatanforderungen der Eleonorenfalken in ihren Winterquartieren sollten daher als oberste Priorität angesehen werden.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Evanthia Thanou for conducting the molecular analyses for sex determination. We also wish to express our gratitude to the local church authority for giving permission to make use of the church building during the tagging of the falcons and to Olga Karagianni for mediating the arrangements. We also thank Fernando Spina, Italy, as well as an anonymous referee for their fruitful comments on a previous version of this manuscript. The work was funded by the A.G. Leventis Foundation through project “Survey and Conservation of Seabirds in Greece”. All experiments and observations made for this study comply with current laws of Greece.

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Correspondence to Christina Kassara.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Kassara, C., Fric, J., Gschweng, M. et al. Complementing the puzzle of Eleonora’s Falcon (Falco eleonorae) migration: new evidence from an eastern colony in the Aegean Sea. J Ornithol 153, 839–848 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0802-2

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