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Terns in trouble: demographic consequences of low breeding success and recruitment on a common tern population in the German Wadden Sea

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Abstract

The nationally endangered breeding population of Common Terns Sterna hirundo in the German Wadden Sea has been rapidly declining in recent years. In an attempt to identify the causes for this decline we analysed the demography of the Jade Bay population based on the “Banter See” colony. This colony has been intensively studied for over 18 years and has been declining in recent years. We estimated apparent survival rates of breeders and non-breeders of different ages using multi-state capture–recapture models based on individual life histories. The population growth rates of the Banter See colony and Lower Saxony population were estimated, and possible future trajectories were projected using a matrix model approach. Adult survival rates (0.9) have remained constant, but since 2002 subadult survival has decreased significantly (0.36–0.28). We found significantly lower breeding success as well as lower and delayed recruitment. These changes in vital rates probably caused the shift in the Banter See colony growth rate from an increasing phase before 2002 to a declining phase after and most likely occurred due to low pelagic prey fish stocks in the North Sea, the most important food source for terns in the Wadden Sea. Should the population decline continue at the current rates, the Banter See colony could decrease by 11% and the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea population by an alarming 57% between 2009 and 2015.

Zusammenfassung

Seeschwalben mit Problemen: Demographische Konsequenzen von geringem Bruterfolg und geringer Rekrutierung in einer Flussseeschwalben-Population im Deutschen Wattenmeer

Die Brutpopulation der Flussseeschwalbe Sterna hirundo im niedersächsischen Wattenmeer hat in den letzten Jahren einen starken Rückgang erfahren. Diese Entwicklung ist bedenklich, da diese Art seit 2007 auf der Roten Liste als stark gefährdet eingestuft wird. Um Ursachen für den Rückgang in der Zahl der Brutpaare festzustellen, wurde in dieser Studie die Demographie der Flussseeschwalbenpopulation am Jadebusen untersucht, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die Kolonie „Banter See“ in Wilhelmshaven. Diese Kolonie wird seit über 18 Jahren eingehend untersucht und zeigt ebenfalls einen rückläufigen Trend. Überlebensraten von Brütern und Nichtbrütern verschiedener Altersgruppen wurden anhand eines Multi-State Capture–Recapture Modells, basierend auf individuellen Lebensgeschichten, ermittelt. Die Wachstumsrate der Banter See Kolonie wurde in zwei Phasen unterteilt: eine wachsende Phase vor 2002 und eine abnehmende Phase danach. Diese Entwicklung wurde durch Änderungen in wesentlichen demographischen Raten hervorgerufen, so wie signifikant geringerer Bruterfolg, signifikant weniger und spätere Rekrutierung und signifikant geringere Überlebensraten zweijähriger Vögel seit 2002 (von 36% auf 29%). Die Überlebensraten adulter Vögel (90%) dagegen blieben in dieser Zeit konstant. Die Änderungen in demographischen Raten ist höchstwahrscheinlich auf niedrige Herings—Clupea harengus und Sprottenbestände Clupea sprattus in der Nordsee zurückzuführen, die die wichtigste Nahrungsquelle für Seeschwalben im Wattenmeer darstellen. Andere Flussseeschwalbenkolonien im Wattenmeer erlebten einen wesentlich schlimmeren Rückgang in der Zahl der Brutpaare und haben begonnen sich aufzulösen. Sollte der Rückgang der Brutpaare im derzeitigen Ausmaß weitergehen, könnte sich die Banter See Kolonie bis 2015 um bis zu 11% der Brutpopulation von 2009 verringern, während die gesamte Wattenmeer Population in der Zeit sogar um alarmierende 57% der Bestände von 2008 abzunehmen droht.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the numerous field workers, without whom a project of this scale would not be feasible, for their tireless efforts over the years. Eric Stienen and three anonymous reviewers provided valuable comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to the conservation and research community “Der Mellumrat e. V. (Varel-Dangast)”, “Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Ökologie”, Nationalparkverwaltung Niedersächsisches Wattenmeer for providing the Lower Saxony population counts. This project was funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (BE 916/9). Permission was granted by the regional authorities “Bezirksregierung Weser-Ems, Stadt Wilhelmshaven” and “Nds. Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Oldenburg”, respectively.

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Szostek, K.L., Becker, P.H. Terns in trouble: demographic consequences of low breeding success and recruitment on a common tern population in the German Wadden Sea. J Ornithol 153, 313–326 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0745-7

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