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Colony- and age-specific seasonal dispersal of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus breeding in The Netherlands

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Abstract

The Herring Gull population in The Netherlands went through phases of exploitation, protection, persecution and again (partial) protection during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The numbers of breeding pairs peaked in the 1980s at approximately 90,000 pairs, at which point a colour-ringing campaign was organised to evaluate dispersal and distribution patterns. Herring Gulls were ringed as chicks, predominately near-fledglings, in 12 colonies in 1986 (1,247 individuals), 13 colonies in 1987 (1,354 individuals) and 14 colonies in 1988 (1,396 individuals). Between 1986 and 2009, of the 3,997 Herring Gull chicks colour-ringed, 3,124 individuals (78.2%) were seen and reported at least once, while 453 (11.3%) were recovered dead. In total, 86,247 ring-readings of living gulls were received and processed, originating from 1,358 locations by 868 observers. One-fifth (20.5%) of all sightings originated from the home-ranges (areas within a radius of 5 km around the ringing place). Only 691 sightings (0.8%) were reported at over 300 km from the natal colony (10.7% at 6–10 km, 8.9% at 11–25 km, 17.7% at 26–50 km, 22.9% at 51–100 km, 14.4% at 101–200 km and 4.1% at 201–300 km). Colony-specific differences in travelling distance, dispersal rate and direction of movements suggest a grouping of colonies in three areas: (1) eastern Wadden Sea islands (Rottumeroog–Vlieland), with significantly higher dispersal rates and movements mostly towards the south-west to south-east; (2) Texel and the four colonies along the mainland coast (Callantsoog–Wassenaar), with shorter mean range and movements mostly to the south; (3) colonies in the Delta area (Europoort–Saeftinghe), with rather short range movements and dispersal in many directions. The maximum distance travelled did not vary much between adults, immatures and juveniles, but the timing of outward and return movements was different for each of these age categories. Adult birds reached their greatest mean distances on average 1 month earlier than immatures, which in turn arrived at this point 1 month earlier than juveniles. These age-specific differences were enhanced in the spring, when birds were moving towards the (natal) colonies, but when adults moved on average closer and 2 months ahead of immatures, which in turn moved earlier and closer to the natal home-range than juveniles. With reference to findings from other studies in other European countries, Herring Gulls breeding in The Netherlands occupies a mid-position between dispersive and sedentary tendencies.

Zusammenfassung

Die niederländische Population der Silbermöwe durchlief während des 19ten und 20ten Jahrhunderts Phasen der Ausbeutung, des Schutzes, starker Verfolgung und wieder (teilweisen) Schutzes. Die Anzahl brütender Silbermöwen erreichten in den 1980er Jahren ihren Höchststand bei ca. 90 000 Brutpaaren. In dieser Zeit wurde ein Farbringprogramm initiiert um Dispersions- und Verbreitungsmuster zu untersuchen. Silbermöwen wurden als Küken, möglichst kurz vor dem Flüggewerden beringt, jeweils in 12 Kolonien 1986 (1 247 Ind.), 13 Kolonien 1987 (1 354 Ind.) und 14 Kolonien 1988 (1 396 Ind.). Zwischen 1986 und 2009 wurden von insgesamt 3997 als juvenil beringten Silbermöwen 3124 Individuen (78,2%) mindestens einmal lebend zurückgemeldet, wohingegen 453 (11,3%) als Totfunde gemeldet wurden. Insgesamt wurden 86 247 Ablesungen lebender Silbermöwen erziehlt und bearbeitet, welche von 1358 verschiedenen Orten und 868 Beobachtern stammen. Ein Fünftel (20,5%) aller Sichtungen beruhen auf Meldungen aus dem Home-Range (Gebiete innerhalb eines Radius von 5 km um den Beringungsort). Nur 691 Sichtungen (0,8%) wurden aus über 300 km Entfernung vom Geburtsort gemeldet (10,7% aus 6–10 km, 8,9% aus 11–25 km, 17,7% aus 26–50 km, 22,9% aus 51–100 km, 14,4% aus 101–200 km und 4,1% aus 201–300 km). Koloniespezifische Unterschiede in Zugdistanzen, Dispersionsrate und Zugrichtung lassen eine Einteilung in drei Gruppen zu: (1) Östliche niederländische Wattenmeerinseln (Rottumeroog–Vlieland), mit signifikant höheren Dispersionsraten und Bewegungen meist in Richtung südwest bis südost, (2) Texel und die vier Kolonien entlang der Festlandsküste (Callantsoog—Wassenaar), mit kürzeren mittleren Entfernungen und Bewegungen, meist nach Süden und (3) Kolonien im Deltaareal (Europoort–Saeftinghe) mit eher geringen Entfernungen und Dispersion in viele Richtungen. Die maximal zurückgelegten Distanzen zeigen keine starke Variation zwischen adulten, immaturen und juvenielen Tieren, jedoch zeigten sich unterschiedliche Zeitmuster für Wegzug und Rückkehrbewegungen für jede Altersklasse. Adulte Vögel erreichten die größte mittlere Distanz im Schnitt einen Monat früher als die Immaturen, welche dieses Stadium wiederum einen Monat vor den Juvenilen erreichten. Diese altersspezifischen Unterschiede wurden im Frühjahr noch vergrößert, wenn die Vögel sich in Richtung ihrer Geburtsorte bzw. Kolonien bewegten, wobei sich Adulte im Schnitt näher und zwei Monate vor den Immaturen in Richtung der Kolonie begaben, während die Immaturen sich wiederum früher und näher in Richtung ihrer Geburtsorte begaben, als die Juvenilen. Unter Berücksichtigung anderer europäischer Studien, zeigen niederländische Silbermöwen eine Zwischenstellung zwischen dispersieven und ortsgebundenen Bewegungsmustern.

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Acknowledgments

We are very grateful to the ringers of the Herring Gulls in 1986–1988, including at Rottumeroog (1986) B.A. Nolet (103 chicks), (1987) K. de Rijk (103) and (1988) J. Van der Kamp (105); at Rottumerplaat (1986–1987) D. de Bruyn (210) and (1988) G. Kasemir (100); at Schiermonnikoog (1986–1987) A. van Klinken (210) and (1988) R. Noordhuis (105); at Ameland (1986–1988) R.T. Kiewiet (311); at Terschelling (1986–1987) A. de Wit (208) and (1988) A.L. Spaans (105); at Vlieland (1986–1988) J. Jager (316); at Texel (1986–1988) L.J. Dijksen (312); in Callantsoog (1986) A.A.N. de Wit (105) and (1987–1988) A. Bergfeld (208); in Schoorl (1986–1987) C.J. Ooyevaar (201) and (1988) F. Nauta (103); in IJmuiden (1988) F. Cottaar (105); in Wassenaar (1986–1988) R.J. Wanders (249); in Europoort (1986-1988) N.D. van Swelm (314); at Schouwen (1986-1988) C.M. Berrevoets (314); at Saeftinghe (1987–1988) E.O. Neve (210). Secondly, we are much indebted to the numerous observers who have submitted their observations and without whom the entire project would have been impossible. We cannot name them all, but some very active readers of colour-rings must be mentioned: E.J. Alblas (257 sightings and recoveries), T. Bakker (161), Y. Bergkamp (218), C.M. Berrevoets (329), W. Boeykens (263), L. Boudolf (264), H. Buckx (143), R-J. Buijs (412), R. Costers (4,481), F. Cottaar (3,745), A. Deutsch (149), K. van Dijk (130), L.J. Dijksen (215), A.A. Dijkstra (836), A.H.V. Eggenhuizen (304), F. Faber (566), R. François (292), S.C.V. Geelhoed (102), G. Goedhart (3,001), G. van Gool (184), C.J. de Graaf (1,087), A. Gronert (6,076), N.F. van der Ham (1,446), H. Hin (124), G.M. Janse (366), J. Jukema (903), J. Kloppenburg (180), E. Klunder (890), P. de Knijff (179), H. Koffijberg (309), K. Koffijberg (112), B. Koks (1,218), G. Koolhof (578), D. Kuiken (1,126), M. van Leeuwen (172), B. Loos (430), E.J. Maassen (547), F. Majoor (298), B. Middendorp (311), J.M. van Muiswinkel (278), F.B. Nauta (179), J. Nienhuis (377), A.M. van der Niet (194), B.A. Nolet (158), R. Noordhuis (125), J. Nowakowski (110), A. Ouwerkerk (119), O. Overdijk (994), B. Oving (141), A. van Poppel (5,813), P. Raevel (123), J. Rampen (3,482), J. Regeer (107), M. Roos (542), T. Van Schie (123), J.M.M. Snijders (586), S.F. Steeneken (258), W. Steenge (389), L. Stegeman (164), N.D. van Swelm (581), P. Tak (224), R. Ubels (161), J.C.G. Vegelin (879), K. Verbeek (4,226), B. Vercruysse (169), H.J.S. Verkade (2,870), Vuilverwerking Noord-Groningen (167), H. Van de Wetering (102), L. Van Wijngaert (160), G.F. Wilmink (413), B. Winters (3,733), A.A.N. de Wit (560), J. de Wit (144), P. Wolf (105), J. Zijp (232) and H. Zwaagstra (457) have all contributed at least 100 sightings or recoveries of colour-ringed Herring Gulls. SOVON (Joost van den Bruggen) and Waterdienst (Ministry of Transport and Public Works) kindly provided colony data (population censuses) over the past decades (1985–2005). Geert Aarts (NIOZ) was helpful with the statistical analysis of some data and provided useful feedback when the results were discussed. Theunis Piersma and Norman D. van Swelm kindly commented on earlier versions of the manuscript. Sönke Twietmeyer kindly prepared a summary in German. We would kindly acknowledge the constructive feedback and comments of two anonymous referees.

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Communicated by P.H. Becker.

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Camphuysen, C.J., Vercruijsse, H.J.P. & Spaans, A.L. Colony- and age-specific seasonal dispersal of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus breeding in The Netherlands. J Ornithol 152, 849–868 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0664-7

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