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Effect of brood size and hatching sequence on prefledging mortality of Sandwich terns: why lay two eggs?

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Abstract

The mortality of Sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis chicks held in enclosures was studied in colonies on Griend, in the Dutch Wadden Sea, from 1992 to 1999, and on Hirsholm, in the Danish Kattegat, in 1997. Survival of chicks until fledging was 73% for chicks hatching from first-laid eggs or single-egg clutches and 59–64% for partially hatched two-egg clutches, whereas 6% of second hatchlings survived until fledging. Less than 2% of all two-chick broods actually fledged two chicks. Because 18% of the two-egg clutches only hatched one egg, 7% of fledglings of two-egg clutches originated from a second-laid egg. In nests where both eggs hatched, the number of chicks was usually reduced soon after hatching. Within five days of hatching more than 50% of the second hatchlings died of starvation or were preyed upon. It seems that overproduction commonly occurs in Sandwich terns and that investment in a surplus egg mainly serves as an insurance mechanism. On Griend and Hirsholm, chick productivity of two-egg clutches was somewhat higher than for one-egg clutches. Undernourishment was an important cause of death, either directly by starvation or by selective predation of chicks in poor condition. This, in combination with earlier, studies suggests that Sandwich tern parents on Griend are exposed to severe food stress.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to all the guests who helped obtaining the data for this paper. In particular Teun Baarspul, Jan de Jong, Marcel Klaassen and Piet van Tienen put great effort into ringing and measuring chicks. We thank Teun Baarspul, Peter van Beers, Karin Geschiere, John Habraken, Frank Hoffmann, Maaike Raaijmakers, Hans Schekkerman, John Schobben, Piet van Tienen and many occasional guests for spending many hours observing food provisioning to the chicks. Einar Flensted-Jensen, Kurt and Lene and Pelle Anderson-Harild provided superb logistic support and certainly attributed to the pleasant stay at Hirsholm. Peter H. Becker, Rudi Drent, Hans Schekkerman, Arie Spaans, Jan Veen and Chris Wernham commented on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Dick Visser prepared the figures.

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Author notes

  1. Eric W. M. Stienen

    Present address: Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Kliniekstraat 25, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

  2. Alex Brenninkmeijer

    Present address: Altenburg and Wymenga Ecologisch Onderzoek bv, Spoorlaan 12, P.O. Box 32, 9269 ZR, Veenwouden, The Netherlands

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alterra, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Eric W. M. Stienen & Alex Brenninkmeijer

  2. Zoological Laboratory, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA, Haren, The Netherlands

    Eric W. M. Stienen

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  1. Eric W. M. Stienen
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  2. Alex Brenninkmeijer
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Correspondence to Eric W. M. Stienen.

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Communicated by P.H. Becker

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Stienen, E.W.M., Brenninkmeijer, A. Effect of brood size and hatching sequence on prefledging mortality of Sandwich terns: why lay two eggs?. J Ornithol 147, 520–530 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-006-0075-3

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