Sensitivity and performance evaluation of improved SCS-CN model by incorporating temporally decaying retention parameter with varying soil moisture for more versatile applications

Sharma, Nand Kishore; Verma, Ravindra Kumar; Verma, Sangeeta; Mishra, Surendra Kumar; Pandey, Ashish

doi:10.1007/s10333-023-00925-x

Sensitivity and performance evaluation of improved SCS-CN model by incorporating temporally decaying retention parameter with varying soil moisture for more versatile applications

Article
Published: 12 March 2023

Volume 21, pages 307–324, (2023)
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Paddy and Water Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Nand Kishore Sharma¹,
Ravindra Kumar Verma ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-848X¹,
Sangeeta Verma²,
Surendra Kumar Mishra¹ &
…
Ashish Pandey¹

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Abstract

The Soil Conservation Service Curve Number methodology is widely practiced world over for computation of runoff generated from rainfall in a watershed. It was originally developed for the purpose of conservation of soil from the effect of runoff, which is a major factor governing the soil erosion and its transport, in small agricultural watersheds. Since inception in 1956, its application has been extended to a number of areas such as infiltration, flood, drainage, and water availability, sediment yield, water quality and climate change studies. In an attempt to suggest an improved version, the effect of rainfall intensity (i.e., the ratio of rainfall to rain duration) and antecedent moisture, greatly affecting the runoff quantity but originally ignored, has been studied by postulating different variations of the method. The effect of rainfall intensity is considered by Models M1 and M2, an explicit form. Model M3 incorporates both initial soil moisture and rainfall intensity, and its explicit form (with constant model parameter λ = 0.2) is M4. A comparative performance evaluation on a very large dataset containing 48,386 rainfall–runoff events of 140 USA watersheds using several indicators leads to the proposition of Model M3 and its further sensitivity analysis describes the model to be the most sensitive to the amount of input rainfall. The study not only supports the incorporation of storm intensity and initial soil moisture in the model formulation but also proposes an alternative version for rainfall–runoff studies required for enhanced water use efficiency through irrigation scheduling.

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Development of a Modified SMA Based MSCS-CN Model for Runoff Estimation

Article 13 June 2015

An enhanced SMA based SCS-CN inspired model for watershed runoff prediction

Article 28 October 2017

A Modified SCS-CN Method Incorporating Storm Duration and Antecedent Soil Moisture Estimation for Runoff Prediction

Article 02 March 2017

Data availability

The data used in this study are free of cost available to U.S. Department of Agriculture Research Services (USDA-ARS) Water Database (http://www.ars.usda.gov/arsdb.html).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Water Resource Development and Management (WRD&M), IIT Roorkee for providing the necessary facilities to carry out this study.

Funding

No funding support from any organization.

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Authors and Affiliations

Department of Water Resources Development & Management, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
Nand Kishore Sharma, Ravindra Kumar Verma, Surendra Kumar Mishra & Ashish Pandey
Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
Sangeeta Verma

Authors

Nand Kishore Sharma
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Ravindra Kumar Verma
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Sangeeta Verma
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Surendra Kumar Mishra
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Ashish Pandey
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Correspondence to Ravindra Kumar Verma.

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Appendix 1

Sl. No	Watershed ID	Area (ha)	No. of events	NSE				RMSE
Sl. No	Watershed ID	Area (ha)	No. of events	M1	M2	M3	M4	M1	M2	M3	M4
1	WS-9004	24	94	53.60	37.47	80.47	72.87	2.77	3.22	1.80	2.12
2	WS-13008	361.4	169	80.36	69.31	80.74	72.01	3.35	4.19	3.32	4.00
3	WS-13009	73.7	202	32.20	16.85	33.82	19.35	6.98	7.73	6.89	7.61
4	WS-13010	595.3	175	40.68	15.90	43.96	19.19	4.07	4.85	3.96	4.75
5	WS-17001	11	586	75.88	74.32	77.67	76.28	6.15	6.35	5.92	6.10
6	WS-17002	20.2	546	76.61	74.98	77.81	76.29	6.20	6.41	6.04	6.24
7	WS-19005	1.1	59	75.46	75.40	75.91	76.49	5.61	5.62	5.56	5.49
8	WS-22004	6.4	58	18.50	12.46	32.04	32.88	5.44	5.64	4.97	4.94
9	WS-25001	62.32	672	72.97	71.87	74.10	73.13	7.92	8.07	7.75	7.89
10	WS-26003	1.1	850	40.56	26.26	41.15	26.89	3.25	3.62	3.24	3.61
11	WS-26004	1.1	338	50.25	48.26	58.62	49.50	2.42	2.47	2.21	2.44
12	WS-26005	0.7	202	65.39	63.36	68.47	64.17	2.70	2.78	2.58	2.75
13	WS-26006	1	220	60.67	49.88	63.50	53.54	2.29	2.59	2.21	2.49
14	WS-26010	0.6	879	60.94	55.32	62.38	56.63	4.23	4.52	4.15	4.45
15	WS-26012	0.7	584	69.76	68.48	70.42	69.03	3.98	4.06	3.93	4.02
16	WS-26014	0.3	695	63.13	59.52	65.84	61.93	4.41	4.62	4.25	4.48
17	WS-26015	0.5	706	64.95	64.20	66.77	66.13	3.22	3.26	3.14	3.17
18	WS-26016	0.6	358	53.40	47.70	56.46	50.11	3.40	3.60	3.28	3.52
19	WS-26017	0.8	1051	62.75	56.34	64.45	57.11	3.00	3.25	2.94	3.22
20	WS-26018	0.5	106	73.24	65.37	75.66	70.82	4.55	5.17	4.34	4.75
21	WS-26019	0.6	1000	44.64	30.97	44.89	30.90	2.40	2.69	2.40	2.69
22	WS-26021	0.8	311	39.86	29.21	41.58	30.80	5.17	5.61	5.09	5.54
23	WS-26025	3.1	622	68.35	64.61	69.49	65.24	2.58	2.73	2.54	2.71
24	WS-26027	11.7	1620	71.55	67.85	72.27	69.39	1.75	2.20	1.79	2.12
25	WS-26028	30.6	1481	66.56	65.38	67.27	65.88	2.39	2.43	2.36	2.41
26	WS-26029	30	1331	70.75	68.05	72.03	68.49	2.38	2.49	2.33	2.47
27	WS-26030	122.6	1924	61.01	66.66	69.54	67.41	2.98	3.00	2.87	2.97
28	WS-26031	49.4	77	31.68	14.62	31.69	15.92	3.00	3.36	3.00	3.33
29	WS-26032	141.2	1391	66.49	59.50	68.12	61.49	2.36	2.60	2.31	2.53
30	WS-26034	615.1	1101	68.55	67.84	68.69	69.85	3.27	3.31	3.26	3.20
31	WS-26036	1853.3	138	53.60	52.06	53.89	52.55	5.80	5.90	5.79	5.87
32	WS-26040	28.2	1509	71.20	66.04	72.09	66.35	2.53	2.75	2.49	2.74
33	WS-26041	32.05	1248	68.55	60.31	69.81	62.94	2.13	2.39	2.08	2.31
34	WS-26791	32.1	1475	55.79	54.20	59.03	57.75	4.17	4.25	4.02	4.08
35	WS-26828	1.08	577	60.70	58.35	63.47	59.48	2.76	2.84	2.66	2.80
36	WS-26863	0.2	197	87.23	84.56	87.53	84.81	3.14	3.45	3.10	3.42
37	WS-31001	133.55	724	75.13	77.03	83.95	82.89	1.71	1.64	1.37	1.41
38	WS-31004	69.2	114	85.23	82.84	86.75	84.95	3.37	3.63	3.19	3.40
39	WS-34001	0.9	258	61.97	58.18	64.54	61.07	5.80	6.09	5.60	5.87
40	WS-34006	0.7	275	57.45	54.04	59.36	56.53	6.38	6.63	6.24	6.45
41	WS-34007	0.8	262	62.07	59.59	66.29	64.45	6.46	6.66	6.09	6.25
42	WS-34008	1.9	231	51.05	47.36	54.64	52.08	6.40	6.63	6.16	6.33
43	WS-34013	0.8	52	48.33	34.42	70.23	70.20	5.36	6.04	4.07	4.07
44	WS-35003	1.3	107	80.15	80.15	81.94	81.77	6.89	6.89	6.57	6.60
45	WS-35004	2.3	26	9.11	9.15	42.05	39.63	5.37	5.37	4.29	4.38
46	WS-35005	2.1	128	63.10	59.31	63.45	59.57	4.75	4.99	4.73	4.97
47	WS-35006	1	31	10.28	3.67	10.74	3.71	6.19	6.41	6.17	6.41
48	WS-35007	2.1	35	14.94	7.55	46.81	4.05	1.94	2.03	1.54	2.06
49	WS-35008	3.7	129	73.44	71.49	77.94	75.27	4.51	4.68	4.11	4.36
50	WS-35009	5.4	120	77.09	74.95	78.75	76.36	4.41	4.61	4.24	4.48
51	WS-35010	6.4	113	72.87	70.64	78.02	75.72	4.71	4.90	4.24	4.46
52	WS-35011	38.4	99	37.59	17.37	38.91	12.82	3.45	3.97	3.42	4.08
53	WS-37001	6.8	195	58.84	57.96	61.35	60.74	10.61	10.72	10.28	10.36
54	WS-37002	37.2	388	57.70	57.06	63.65	63.04	9.19	9.26	8.96	8.93
55	WS-42002	234.3	195	72.89	68.15	73.13	69.01	8.52	9.23	8.48	9.10
56	WS-42003	449.2	487	62.30	58.80	66.29	63.82	9.95	10.41	9.41	9.75
57	WS-42004	1772.5	125	52.71	46.55	53.72	49.02	11.85	12.60	11.73	12.31
58	WS-42006	70.4	819	67.30	66.14	71.01	70.38	8.27	8.41	7.78	7.87
59	WS-42007	52.6	148	55.70	51.95	56.97	52.68	10.51	10.95	10.36	10.86
60	WS-42011	125	287	67.18	62.65	68.52	64.56	6.66	7.10	6.52	6.92
61	WS-42012	53.4	277	71.71	70.45	72.48	71.53	7.82	7.99	7.71	7.84
62	WS-42014	6.6	273	68.26	64.72	69.12	66.04	6.61	6.97	6.52	6.83
63	WS-42017	7.5	237	71.33	69.98	73.48	72.75	8.79	9.00	8.46	8.57
64	WS-42023	1.31	80	72.50	72.00	75.58	75.58	12.62	12.74	11.90	11.90
65	WS-42024	1.2	252	59.70	58.18	60.43	59.47	11.08	11.28	10.98	11.11
66	WS-42028	1.2	263	66.03	65.09	66.21	64.97	9.47	9.60	9.44	9.61
67	WS-42031	0.1	15	91.77	89.35	94.35	92.32	4.52	5.14	3.75	4.37
68	WS-42032	0.1	21	94.23	91.74	95.11	93.31	3.35	4.01	3.08	3.61
69	WS-42033	0.1	17	92.75	92.73	94.12	93.79	3.02	3.02	2.72	2.79
70	WS-42034	0.1	19	89.80	89.11	94.28	93.16	3.24	3.34	2.42	2.65
71	WS-42037	4.6	181	72.82	72.57	72.87	74.79	7.48	7.52	7.47	7.21
72	WS-42040	4.6	226	59.38	59.36	59.89	61.43	9.39	9.39	9.33	9.15
73	WS-44001	194.7	407	72.78	69.73	77.45	75.37	4.59	4.84	4.18	4.37
74	WS-44002	166.3	482	77.44	75.46	81.52	81.64	3.96	4.13	3.58	3.57
75	WS-44003	844.2	235	74.45	66.00	80.24	74.74	5.11	5.89	4.49	5.08
76	WS-44004	1412.4	349	77.12	72.97	81.82	79.13	4.15	4.51	3.70	3.96
77	WS-44005	1.5	135	50.20	54.94	68.15	65.99	4.36	4.14	3.48	3.60
78	WS-44006	1.4	149	45.90	45.05	65.93	67.14	6.27	6.32	4.98	4.89
79	WS-44007	1.5	524	72.94	71.86	76.54	75.84	5.04	5.14	4.69	4.76
80	WS-44008	1.5	515	78.10	76.74	81.32	80.49	5.01	5.16	4.63	4.73
81	WS-44009	1.6	537	77.52	75.84	80.33	79.50	4.18	4.33	3.91	3.99
82	WS-44010	1.6	537	64.08	60.86	68.24	65.97	4.64	4.85	4.37	4.52
83	WS-44011	1.7	486	62.20	58.32	66.72	63.62	4.70	4.94	4.41	4.62
84	WS-44012	1.59	355	67.96	67.79	72.51	72.39	4.38	4.39	4.06	4.07
85	WS-44013	1.5	248	68.65	62.06	70.26	65.21	3.90	4.29	3.80	4.11
86	WS-44014	1.6	262	56.15	47.18	57.62	49.88	4.71	5.21	4.62	5.06
87	WS-44015	1.6	295	72.29	69.81	75.20	73.95	4.64	4.84	4.39	4.50
88	WS-44016	1.5	309	63.78	58.72	65.94	61.57	5.28	5.64	5.12	5.44
89	WS-44017	1.4	276	78.36	75.28	81.29	79.31	4.07	4.35	3.79	3.98
90	WS-44019	1.5	303	71.27	65.91	73.01	69.35	4.44	4.84	4.30	4.59
91	WS-44020	1.4	281	77.07	75.55	77.41	81.58	4.37	4.52	4.34	3.92
92	WS-44021	1.6	321	75.71	73.65	79.14	78.08	4.37	4.55	4.05	4.15
93	WS-44022	1.5	320	70.29	68.98	72.30	70.69	4.03	4.12	3.89	4.00
94	WS-44023	1.7	258	77.53	76.14	80.17	79.72	4.45	4.58	4.18	4.23
95	WS-44024	1.6	264	50.19	37.67	54.24	45.08	5.08	5.69	4.87	5.34
96	WS-44025	1.6	238	65.72	62.20	70.05	68.21	5.22	5.48	4.88	5.03
97	WS-44026	1.5	241	75.58	74.23	76.45	76.42	4.59	4.72	4.51	4.51
98	WS-44029	0.9	16	83.76	77.62	90.53	86.51	4.16	4.88	3.18	3.79
99	WS-47001	99.6	18	79.47	70.22	89.51	90.57	0.29	0.34	0.20	0.19
100	WS-47003	56	132	28.92	2.39	31.26	9.19	2.21	2.59	2.18	2.50
101	WS-56002	72	123	42.24	16.40	44.43	24.41	0.73	0.88	0.72	0.83
102	WS-61003	157.8	463	46.45	40.75	57.07	53.39	3.27	3.44	2.93	3.05
103	WS-61004	25.5	342	36.08	18.64	43.06	26.24	3.64	4.10	3.43	3.91
104	WS-61011	12.3	4	74.16	70.87	93.14	89.62	1.42	1.51	0.73	0.90
105	WS-62001	809.37	236	78.45	74.66	82.30	78.49	3.76	4.08	3.41	3.76
106	WS-62003	2237.9	28	53.48	51.65	58.46	60.97	8.34	8.51	7.88	7.64
107	WS-62004	9226.9	22	61.02	60.77	61.62	64.39	5.90	5.92	5.86	5.64
108	WS-62012	33,055.4	35	52.70	41.59	55.57	47.48	8.76	9.74	8.49	9.23
109	WS-62014	0.6	134	70.58	69.06	70.90	73.43	7.67	7.86	7.62	7.29
110	WS-64001	17,353	14	48.40	53.59	72.87	62.12	1.59	1.51	1.15	1.36
111	WS-66002	4.23	288	33.70	8.22	37.27	21.95	2.52	2.97	2.45	2.74
112	WS-66004	2.6	389	37.51	15.30	41.19	28.23	1.39	1.61	1.34	1.49
113	WS-66005	3.9	244	59.05	53.82	61.92	58.86	2.22	2.36	2.14	2.23
114	WS-67005	11,116.4	247	35.90	2.78	45.47	24.30	3.07	3.78	2.83	3.34
115	WS-67012	203.2	134	50.45	37.12	51.63	39.81	1.82	2.05	1.80	2.01
116	WS-68013	40.5	201	22.14	2.98	22.73	9.33	0.74	0.82	0.74	0.80
117	WS-69033	12.1	156	61.34	61.24	71.74	74.37	5.32	5.32	4.55	4.33
118	WS-69034	5.2	94	42.87	35.09	51.29	46.94	5.67	6.04	5.23	5.46
119	WS-69035	5.26	116	47.67	42.26	54.27	51.34	5.46	5.73	5.10	5.26
120	WS-69036	10.7	113	53.45	51.55	64.00	63.56	4.95	5.05	4.35	4.38
121	WS-69037	11	123	42.02	40.59	45.42	47.25	3.70	3.74	3.59	3.53
122	WS-69042	9.6	85	35.50	24.40	57.68	31.84	5.98	6.48	4.85	6.15
123	WS-69045	11.1	250	73.26	70.23	80.90	77.81	3.53	3.72	2.98	3.21
124	WS-70002	717.9	8	69.96	65.29	76.21	65.30	0.85	0.92	0.76	0.92
125	WS-70003	2182.1	9	42.77	44.91	94.38	61.82	4.06	3.99	1.27	3.32
126	WS-70004	4365.4	12	60.89	61.31	80.53	72.15	4.13	4.11	2.91	3.49
127	WS-70005	1133.5	8	81.35	70.77	85.19	71.94	2.67	3.35	2.38	3.28
128	WS-70006	277.6	14	69.23	57.18	91.73	58.99	2.81	3.31	1.46	3.24
129	WS-70007	4.1	25	88.30	86.13	90.63	88.59	7.27	7.91	6.51	7.18
130	WS-70008	3.5	23	40.70	38.08	58.12	59.49	9.38	9.58	7.88	7.75
131	WS-70009	2.7	18	79.86	75.23	86.25	82.58	8.33	9.24	6.88	7.74
132	WS-70012	2.8	15	88.20	88.19	91.98	89.82	4.54	4.54	3.74	4.22
133	WS-71001	30.1	979	32.79	12.94	40.44	25.42	2.51	2.86	2.36	2.64
134	WS-71002	33.51	1120	57.00	51.59	59.92	67.71	2.98	3.17	2.88	2.58
135	WS-71003	43.3	788	39.59	24.03	45.25	40.25	1.51	1.70	1.44	1.50
136	WS-71005	157.43	375	60.50	69.88	87.37	80.18	1.48	1.29	0.83	1.04
137	WS-74003	1566.94	284	51.19	40.56	59.38	53.84	4.65	5.13	4.24	4.52
138	WS-74006	4990.99	62	38.76	2.60	43.18	9.87	9.02	11.37	8.68	10.94
139	WS-74008	1665.28	349	66.20	51.86	70.38	58.11	3.31	3.95	3.10	3.69
140	WS-74009	261.43	202	52.14	28.48	55.18	36.16	5.04	6.16	4.87	5.82

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Sharma, N.K., Verma, R.K., Verma, S. et al. Sensitivity and performance evaluation of improved SCS-CN model by incorporating temporally decaying retention parameter with varying soil moisture for more versatile applications. Paddy Water Environ 21, 307–324 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-023-00925-x

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