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Effects of land use and reducing conditions of paddy fields on soil quality and high energy moisture characteristic structural stability indices in North of Iran

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Abstract

The present paper is aimed at investigating the effects of land use (particularly reducing conditions of paddy fields) on soil structural stability as characterized by the high energy moisture characteristic (HEMC) method and finding the relationship between soil structural stability and available water (AW) in Amol city in Mazandaran province, Iran. Land use conversion led to a change in the soil organic matter (OM) content. The highest OM was found in the forest and pasture land uses, being significantly different from those of citrus garden and paddy field land uses. The high values of bulk density in the citrus garden and paddy fields can be attributed to intensive machinery traffic and puddling, respectively. However, bulk density was low in pasture and forest land uses because of high OM and macropores. Forest and the paddy fields had higher soil structural stability due to high OM/Clay ratio. The HEMC indices including volume of drainable pores ratio (VDPR) and stability ratio (SR) were calculated using the modified van Genuchten model, and the ratio of slopes at the inflection point of HEMCs of fast-wetted to slow-wetted soil samples (SiR) was determined using the van Genuchten model. The HEMC indices showed positive and significant correlations with OM and OM/Clay ratio. By increasing the OM/Clay ratio, greater clay became complexed with organic matter, and thus soil structure stability increased. A strong correlation was observed between VDPR and OM/Clay in citrus garden and paddy fields. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between VDPR and AW. The highest field capacity and AW were observed in the forest and paddy fields due to high OM and the presence of smectitic clays under reducing conditions, respectively.

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Abbreviations

A :

Empirical coefficient in the modified van Genuchten model, hPa–2

B :

Empirical coefficient in the modified van Genuchten model, hPa–1

C :

Empirical coefficient in the modified van Genuchten model, g g–1

CCE:

Calcium carbonate equivalent, kg 100 kg–1

C(θ):

Specific water capacity function =|dθ/dh|, hPa–1

EC:

Electrical conductivity of saturated soil paste, dS m–1

HEMC:

High energy moisture characteristic

h :

Matric suction, hPa

h modal :

Modal matric suction (matric suction at the peak of specific water capacity function), hPa

h modal-FW :

Fast wetting hmodal, hPa

h modal-SW :

Slow wetting hmodal, hPa

h modalR:

Ratio of hmodal-FW to hmodal-SW

n :

Shape parameter in van Genuchten model

OC:

Organic carbon content, kg 100 kg–1

OM:

Organic matter content, kg 100 kg–1

AW:

Available water, cm3 cm–3

pH:

pH of saturated soil paste

PTFs:

Pedotransfer functions

SI:

Structural index, hPa–1

SIFW :

Fast wetting SI, hPa–1

SISW :

Slow wetting SI, hPa–1

S i :

Slope at the inflection point of HEMC, hPa–1

S iR:

Ratio of fast wetting to slow wetting Si values

SR:

Stability ratio

TN:

Total nitrogen content, kg 100 kg–1

VDP:

Volume of drainable pores, g g–1

VDPFW :

Fast wetting VDP, g g–1

VDPSW :

Slow wetting VDP, g g–1

VDPR:

Volume of drainable pores ratio

Α :

Scaling parameter in van Genuchten model, hPa–1

ρb :

Bulk density, g cm–3

θ 330 = θ FC :

Soil water content at field capacity, g g–1 or cm3 cm–3

θ 15000 = θ PWP :

Soil water content at permanent wilting point, g g–1 or cm3 cm–3

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch of Islamic Azad University, and Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj for providing facilities such as sand box and pressure plate.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

    Fatemeh Pishnamaz Amoli & Elham Chavoshi

  2. Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi

  3. Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

    Naser Davatgar

  4. Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University, 3319118651, Tehran, Iran

    Hossein Torabi Golsefidi

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  1. Fatemeh Pishnamaz Amoli
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  2. Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi
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  3. Naser Davatgar
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  4. Elham Chavoshi
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  5. Hossein Torabi Golsefidi
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Correspondence to Mohammad Reza Mosaddeghi.

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Pishnamaz Amoli, F., Mosaddeghi, M.R., Davatgar, N. et al. Effects of land use and reducing conditions of paddy fields on soil quality and high energy moisture characteristic structural stability indices in North of Iran. Paddy Water Environ 19, 433–451 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-021-00844-9

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